Cure of Diabetes II

By

Acknowledgement

I would take this opportunity to thank my research supervisor, family and friends for their support and guidance without which this research would not have been possible.

DECLARATION

I, [type your full first names and surname here], declare that the contents of this dissertation/thesis represent my own unaided work, and that the dissertation/thesis has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the University.

Signed __________________ Date _________________

Abstract

In this study we try to explore the concept of Synthesis of Insulin based analog (HLVEALYLVC) and their effect on amylin based aggregated somatic cells in a holistic context. The main focus of the research is on Insulin based analog (HLVEALYLVC) and its relation with amylin based aggregated somatic cells. The research also analyzes many aspects of Insulin based analog and tries to gauge its effect on amylin based somatic cells.

Table of Contents

1.INTRODUCTION2

1.1.Diabetes Mellitus2

1.2.What is Amylin?3

1.3.Structure of the Amylin4

1.4.Amylin/ hIAPP Function7

1.5.Amylin role in Diabetes mellitus:7

1.6.Active regions in the hIAPP:7

1.7.The three dimensional structure of Amylin:8

1.8.Importance of presence of proline residues:8

1.9.Role of Histidine in the amyloid formation:9

1.10.Effect of pH and calcium concentrations:9

1.11.Steps involved in the formation of the amyloid fibrils:10

1.12.Possible Types of lipid membrane disruptions caused by the peptides:11

1.13.The process of membrane disruption by hIAPP:13

1.14.Antagonistic nature of Insulin in the fiber formation:13

1.15.Research Goals and objectives13

2.EXPERIMENTAL METHODS16

2.1.Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis16

2.2.Synthesis of Insulin analogs HLVEALYLV, LVEALYLV and hIAPP (1-19):19

2.3.Peptide Cleavage:20

2.4.Peptide purification and analysis:21

2.5.Analytical HPLC:21

2.6.Dye Leakage Assay:21

2.7.Peptide Synthesis and Analysis24

3.RESULTS26

3.1.Cloning of the Amylin Gene26

3.2.Measurement of Biological Activity of Peptides27

4.DISCUSSION33

5.CONCLUSION36

REFERENCES40

Cure of Diabetes II

Introduction

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body cannot use the insulin hormone properly, due to the lack of insulin or because the somatic cells are insensitive to the insulin produced in the body. The insulin hormone is useful for the transportation of glucose from the blood into the somatic cells. The insulin actually activates the receptor for glucose into the body cells. Then glucose is converted into the ATP which acts as the energy for the body. The hormone insulin is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas. The decreased production of the hormone insulin results in diabetes mellitus. It is mainly classified in to two forms; Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes.

Type I Diabetes is also known as Insulin Dependent Diabetes (IDDM) or Juvenile-onset Diabetes. In this disease, the pancreas produces a little or no insulin. This usually is seen in children of ages 10-14 years. The factors affecting the disease are environmental, genetic or auto- immune. The cause for the development of Type I diabetes may be due to infection or environmental agents. Infectious agents attack the beta cells, these include viruses like mumps, rubella, coxsackie B4 and toxic chemicals and cytotoxins released in the body [1]. In some cases, exposure of children to cow's milk in infancy may lead to Type I diabetes. The cow milk contains albumin serum protein called Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) which acts as the environmental trigger to produce antibodies and results ...