DIABETES

Diabetes



Table of Contents

DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY1

AETIOLOGY2

Some Diseases Can Trigger Diabetes:2

Some Medications Can Cause Diabetes:3

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY3

CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS, INCLUDING AN INDICATION OF RED-FLAG SYMPTOMS4

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND INVESTIGATIONS4

Diabetes Mellitus5

Glucose Intolerance5

Impaired Fasting Glucose5

Pathogenesis5

Pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes6

Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes7

ORTHODOX MEDICAL TREATMENT8

Medication8

Insulin9

Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents9

Surgery10

NATURAL MEDICINE10

Nutrition11

Exercise11

Prevention12

PROGNOSIS13

REFERENCES14

Diabetes

Definition and Epidemiology

Diabetes is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by elevated glucose concentration in the blood or hyperglycaemia. Normally, blood flows in a certain amount of glucose, which is formed in the liver from ingested food. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, controls the concentration of glucose in the blood by regulating its production and storage (Garay-Sevilla et al. 2004: 82).

Diabetes reduces the body's ability to respond to insulin or the pancreas stops producing insulin. This leads to hyperglycaemia, which can result in serious metabolic complications, including diabetic cetaocidosis or Cetron hyperosmolar syndrome (hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic, HHNK). Hyperglycemia of long duration is one of the causes of chronic macro vascular complications (kidney ailments and eyes), complications neuropathy (nerve disease). Diabetes is also associated with increased presence of macrovacular diseases, among others, myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral vascular disease (Glasgow et al. 2009: 833).

Type 1 DM is associated with a high morbidity and premature mortality due to complications even though the statistics have improved since the 1950s. One person in five diagnosed with type 1 DM in the 1950s died within 20 years of diagnosis; one in three died within 25 years. One patient in 4 developed kidney failure within 25 years of diagnosis. As of 2008, however, 3.5 percent die within 20 years, 7 percent within 25 years, and only 10 percent develop kidney failure (Glasgow et al. 2009: 835).

Aetiology

The causes of this disease may be genetic or environmental. There are different kinds of diabetes. Generally these are diabetes mellitus classified into two types (DeFronzo et al. 2002: 318).

The type 1 diabetes is insulin-dependent (IDDM) diabetes, also called thin as one of the first symptoms is weight loss. It mainly affects young subjects and about 10% of cases. Insulin is the only drug of diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes is non-insulin dependent diabetes, also known as fatty as often occurs in overweight people. It represents a vast majority of cases and is treated by diet, drugs and possibly more insulin. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body's cells become less sensitive to insulin (insulin resistance) that can fulfil its role. This occurs most often in people who are overweight, sedentary and have poor eating habits, and / or the pancreas can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for insulin resistance. This deficiency is more pronounced during meals (Cowie et al. 1999: 1074).

Some Diseases Can Trigger Diabetes:

Severe infectious diseases: pneumonia, tuberculosis;

Viruses: influenza, mumps;

Diseases of the endocrine glands: acromegaly, Cushing disease, hyperthyroidism;

The disease destroys the pancreas: pancreatitis alcoholic; and

It can also occur as a result of psychological stress (Connell et al. 2004: 263).

Some Medications Can Cause Diabetes:

The contraceptive pill has been accused in some cases (Connell et ...