HEART ATTACK

Tissue Biomarker of Diabetes Induced Heart Failure

Table of Contents

Introduction about heart failure1

Types of heart failure2

Left-sided heart failure2

Right-sided heart failure3

Congestive heart failure3

Signs and symptoms of heart failure3

Signs3

Symptoms4

Causes of heart failure5

Heart failure due to diabetes5

Therapy7

Animal models of heart failure7

Myocardial Ischemia/Myocardial Infarction Models8

Pig MI Models8

Ovine MI Models9

Biomarkers and their usefulness10

Heart failure management through biomarkers11

Inflammation11

Oxidative stress12

Extracellular-Matrix remodelling12

Neurohormones12

Latest biomarker discoveries12

Mass spectrometry13

1-D, 2-D and gel free electrophoresis13

Conclusion14

References15

Tissue Biomarker of Diabetes Induced Heart Failure

Introduction about heart failure

Heart failure is very frightening to anyone who gets diagnosed with it. On a very basic level, heart failure may be understood as the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's need. Medical name for heart failure is congestive heart failure or CHF or congestive cardiac failure (CCF). Sometimes the heart does not push the blood into the body with the vital force. It is vital to state here that heart failure does not mean that the heart stops functioning. Hence, it often confused with “cessation of heartbeat” or cardiac arrest where the heart is unable to beat and causes sudden death. It usually means the heart functions slower than it would function if it were normal. Heart failure is one of the most common illnesses across the globe. People aged 65 years old, and above, hospitalize primarily because of heart failure or related issues.

Heart failure does not occur overnight. Instead, the heart gets weak in its performance over time. It is not essential that both right and left sides of the heart will be affected. Sometimes there is a problem with the functioning of just one side of the heart. Right side heart failure means the heart's inability to pump enough blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen from there. Left side heart failure means the heart's inability to pump enough blood to the rest of the body that is rich in oxygen. In most patients of heart failure, both sided are unable to perform their function to the optimal capacity.

The two most common causes of heart failure called coronary artery disease are hypertension and diabetes (Russo, 2006). Another misconception concerning heart failure is that only adults can have a heart attack. This is untrue as both children, and elderly have a chance to get affected by heart attack. A proper change in lifestyle can prevent heart failure in most cases. Number of people affected by heart failure is increasing in the developed countries. According to British Society of Heart Failure (2011), the latest audit in England and Wales has shown a decline in mortality rates. Awareness of heart failure is the best way to fight it.

Types of heart failure

Heart failure occurs when any of the four chambers of the heart fail to perform its function properly. The heart has to upper and two lower chambers. The upper chambers are called atrium and the lower chambers are called ventricles. There are three major types of heart failure. These are as follows:

Left-sided heart failure

The ...