Hepatititis B Carrier Technician Prepare Parenteral Products



Hepatititis B Carrier Prepare Technician Parenteral Products

Introduction

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was first discovered in 1966. It belongs to a family of closely related DNA viruses called the hepadnaviruses. The viral particles, also called as the Dane particles, are 42-nm sized spheres that contain a core, enclosing the DNA, which is surrounded by a capsid. A peculiar feature of HBV is that a large excess of viral envelope protein, also known as hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), is present in the circulation; this provides an easy tool for the diagnosis of HBV infection and forms the basis of the currently available HBV vaccines.

Analysis

Since then a number of technological advances have been made in the area of Technician parenteral drug delivery leading to the development of sophisticated systems that allow drug targeting and the sustained or controlled release of Technician parenteral medicines. The purpose of this review is to discuss and summarize some of the interesting technologies of Technician parenteral drug delivery system that can be helpful in the management of clinical diseases. The article highlights important applications in the design of various novel delivery systems like liposomes, niosomes, nanoparticle and microparticles, cyclodextrins, emulsions, prodrug and polymeric micelles(Leichtner et al, 1981). In the US, the primary risk factors for HBV infection in adults and adolescents are unprotected sex with an infected partner, unprotected sex with more than one partner, men who have sex with men, history of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and illicit injection drug use. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that individuals considered at high risk of exposure to HBsAg-positive material include immigrants or refugees from areas of high HBV endemicity, residents in institutions for the developmentally disabled, users of illicit parenteral drugs, homosexually active men, hemodialysis patients, and household contacts of HBV carriers. Those considered at intermediate risk include male prisoners, health-care workers who have frequent blood contact, staff of institutions for the developmentally disabled, and heterosexuals with multiple partners(McMahon et al, 1985).

All over the world, spread of HBV from child to child accounts for most HBV infections. Such transmission usually happens in household settings but may also occur in child day care centres and in schools. The most probable mechanisms of child-to-child spread involve contact of skin sores, small breaks in the skin, or mucous membranes with blood or skin sore secretions. HBV may also spread through contact of saliva through bites or other breaks in the skin. In addition, the virus may spread through shared towels or toothbrushes, since it can persist on such objects for long periods in high titres, even in the absence of visible blood (West, 1996).

The risk of transmission of HBV infection from a pregnant women to her newborn infant is quite variable, and correlates well with the rate of viral replication in the mother, as assessed by presence of a viral protein named as hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in her serum. Thus, infants born to HBeAg-positive mothers ...