Normative Truths

Introduction

Traditional power, disappeared with the Enlightenment, was characterized by a system of institutionalized moral judgments exercised by representatives appointed by the state and its institutions. He inculcated the desire for everyone to be invested with a moral value. The seat of power was located in a central location defined. Implemented from the top down, most people were excluded and submitted to it. He acted in an oppressive and used engineering to manifest symbols of influence, monitoring mechanisms and structures of law enforcement.

From the standard of morality and control externalized to internalized control, modern power is characterized by a system of normative judgments, exercised by individuals who, having internalized the norm, evaluate their lives and those of others. It moves along the circuit of alliances and teaches everyone the desire to be invested with a normative value. Individuals involved in shaping their own lives and others by the standards built by contemporary culture. It works by indoctrination individuals in the surveillance and enforcement in their own lives and the lives of others. It uses a power engineering continua characterized by normality / abnormality, tables of performance, measurement scales, formulas classification, typologies, nosographies.

Discussion

Normative and descriptive properties To distinguish normative properties from descriptive properties, we first need to distinguish normative predicates (such as 'is right', 'is good' and 'is a reason for') from descriptive predicates (such as 'is square', 'is yellow' or 'is larger than'). We can then say that, “A property is normative if and only if it can be ascribed with a normative predicate.”

Any system of normative values in fact comprises two components: on one side of the rules, norms, perceived as mandatory or required, which can lead to propositions whose validity does not depend on any finding of fact, a set of empirical realities corresponding to the possible content standards and whose existence is independent of any normative prescription. Thus the field of knowledge, logic and mathematics are normative systems whose truths, theorems, derived exclusively from the application of the "truths", the axioms of a less strictly defined procedure. Statements such as "the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two right" shall not in any way the validity of the experiment. Indeed, on the one hand, measurement errors do not allow us to say more than "the sum is on average equal two right there," the other repeated the simple observation of the relationship between the angles does not allow us not generalize to all triangles past, present and future, since there is no assurance that continuing indefinitely the observations we did not meet one day a cons-example: a triangle whose angle sum is not equal two rights.

Enoch's formulation of the challenge can be motivated as follows: Suppose there is a realm of facts of a particular type T and that we take ourselves to have some degree of epistemic success regarding the T-facts—e.g., we take it that some of our T-beliefs are justified, or constitute knowledge, or are reliably formed. In doing so, we ...