PATHOGEN

Pathogen

Pathogen

Introduction

A bacterium that affects human body sufficiently to cause disease or death is called a "pathogen." There are several substrate and pathways whereby pathogens can invade a patient or person; a principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but soil contamination has a longest or most persistent potential for harboring a pathogen. (Donald, 2004) Bacteria can cause diseases in humans, in other animals, and also in plants. Some pathogens can only make one specific owner sick; others origin trouble in a number of patients, counting on an owner specificity of a bacteria. A disease initiated by pathogens is nearly as diverse as a bug themselves and encompass nourishment poisoning, tooth throbbing anthrax, even certain types of cancer. The pathogenesis of HIV starts with a deep depletion of CD4+ T cells in the gut followed by a long period of clinically silent but dynamic virus replication and diversification with high host cell turnover before the onset of AIDS. The AIDS-defining infections and cancer mark the end-point of a long balancing act between virus and host that occurs when CD4+ T cell numbers fall below a level that can sustain immunity. Relative studies of lenti virus infections in other species show that AIDS is not an inevitable outcome of infection because simian immunodeficiency virus in natural hosts seldom causes disease. What distinguishes pathogenic from 'passenger' infection is a universal activation of immune responses followed by destruction of the integrity of lymphoid follicles.

Microorganisms

Microorganisms have diverse strategies to set up a contamination in a patient. Some micro-organisms identify substances on an exterior of a patient cell, and use these as receptors. A binding of pathogens or viruses to receptors brings a microorganism in close contact with an owner surface. (Donald, 2004)

The nature of an interaction between an owner receptor molecule and an addition molecule on an exterior of a bacteria, virus, or protozoan has in some cases been defined, even to a genetic level. A use of recombinant DNA technology—where a goal part of genetic material is taken from one organism and injected into a certain district of a genetic material of another organism, in a way that does not sway a sign of a gene—allows a genetic manipulation of a microorganism so as to enhance its ability to origin an infection. (Spratt, 2001) Alternatively, inserting a gene that codes for a toxin into a bacterium that is a normal inhabitant of an environment like ...