PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL INTEGRATION ACTIVITY

Pathophysiological Integration Activity

Pathophysiological Integration Activity

Hematologic system

Hematology is the branch of physiology and biology, which studies human blood, human bodies, blood, and blood diseases. Blood and bone marrow are hematopoietic system body (Atul, 2005).

Unlike other systems of organs, hematological bodies distributed in space and provide a variety of seemingly unrelated functions. Hematopoietic system of cellular and liquid phases of elements (Finn, 2004). Cellular elements include erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets, components of the liquid phase includes coagulation factors, natural anti-thrombotic, and fibrinolytic protein systems. The most common violations in the system of hematological patients with sepsis are anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and activation of the hemostasis system (Howard, 2007).

Dysfunction hematopoietic system bodies is an early manifestation of severe sepsis and is visible in almost all patients with this disease. In conjunction with changes in the endothelium, hematological changes, reflecting the reaction of the organism to infectious insults, and attempts to restore homeostasis (Hoffbrand, 2002). Dysfunction hematopoietic system bodies may contribute to dysfunction of multiple organs and death. Recognizing these sepsis associated with the changes and understanding the basic pathophysiology are crucial for improving outcomes in patients with this deadly disease (Degos, 2005).

Sickle cell anemia

The primary pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia associated with unusual properties damaged, sickling red blood cells. Except hematopoietic system, the skeleton is the most common site lead to clinical symptoms. The majority of painful crises starts with bony occlusion of the microvasculature, which leads to ischemia juxtaarticular bone marrow. Sharp long bone infarcts are mainly children aged less than ten years, and are most commonly associated metadiaphyseal regions (brighamrad.harvard.edu).

With anemia, there is a wide range of potential diseases, ranging from some that are the result of a lack of iron in the body, can often be prevented by iron and / or eat more red meat, especially the kidneys. Megaloblastic anemia is derived from B12 deficiency Folic acid deficiency, the latter being especially important for pregnant women. There is also a large number of diseases associated with the destruction of red blood cells, called collective hemolytic anemia. Some of them are genetic, while others may be caused by drugs, particularly high doses of penicillin. Some of them are linked to the membranes of red blood cells, while others are more concerned with their metabolism, or direct physical damage to them (brighamrad.harvard.edu). Mention should also be made with aplastic anemia where the bone marrow does not produce enough cells to replenish blood cells in the body. Varieties of this disorder include Fanconi anemia, named for Swiss pediatrician leadership Fanconi; Diamond-Blackfan anemia, congenitcal erythroid aplasia and acquired pure red aplasia (brighamrad.harvard.edu).

Cardiovascular system

Signs as loud pulmonary heart, right ventricular heave, tricuspid regurgitation, and noise should be sought, if present, they support the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (emedicine.medscape.com). Jugular venous dilation, tender hepatomegaly, and lower extremity edema suggest pulmonary heart.

Respiratory System

The most common cause of ICU admission of patients affected by hematologic or solid cancer of acute respiratory insufficiency, often associated with respiratory infections. Forecast of critically ill patients is extremely low, especially ...