Poverty in Mongolia since 1990

By

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would take this opportunity to thank my research supervisor, family and friends for their support and guidance without which this research would not have been possible (Albert, 2003,, 14).

DECLARATION

I [type your full first names and surname here], declare that the contents of this dissertation/thesis represent my own unaided work, and that the dissertation/thesis has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the University (Albert, 2003,, 14).

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this dissertation is to make an analysis on the poverty in Mongolia. The dissertation makes discussion on the poverty in Mongolia after 1990. It is observed that Mongolia has faced poverty after 1990, and it has reached to its highest poverty level. Therefore, the dissertation makes discussion on the poverty in Mongolia based on the political situations. Mongolia has been suffering from severe poverty since 1990, and the dissertation has made discussion on the different factors leading towards the poverty in Mongolia. The dissertation is also a reflection of the political factors that lead towards raising poverty in Mongolia. A Mongolia with strong democratic institutions and a viable market-based economy is also believed to be more likely able to maintain an independent, neutral status between Russia and China, rather than falling under the undue influence of either country. As Mongolia begins to approve deals for development of its so far largely untapped mineral wealth, estimated to be worth hundreds of billions of dollars, Congress has an interest, too, in the investment opportunities Mongolia offers for American businesses. Of strategic significance, Mongolia has reserves of rare earth elements that could help reduce the world's dependence on rare earth elements mined in China, although their size is not yet known.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTii

DECLARATIONiii

ABSTRACTiv

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1

Background of the Study1

Rationale of the Study2

Significance of the Study2

Purpose of the Study3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW4

Mongolia4

Mongolia Politics4

Poverty in Mongolia5

The Marxist prospect on Mongolia's Poverty7

Poverty during the Socialist era8

Current situation9

Mongolian Communism9

Culture10

U.S. Assistance to Mongolia11

Democracy Era Poverty and Anti-Poverty Programs12

Future of Politics in Mongolia13

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY14

Mixed Research14

Classification of research methods14

Multi-method studies14

Mixed method studies15

Steps in mixed methodology15

Strength and weakness of the mixed research16

Strengths16

Weaknesses16

Data analysis16

Reliability/Dependability18

Validity19

Ethical Considerations20

CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION21

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION24

REFERENCES26

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Mongolia is a vast, sparsely populated, mineral-rich nation sandwiched between Russia and China. Formerly a Soviet satellite state, the country peacefully ended one-party Communist rule and launched democratic and free market reforms and an independent foreign policy just over 20 years ago, in 1990. Congress has shown strong support for Mongolia since that date through funding of assistance programs, ratification of a bilateral investment treaty, extension of permanent normal trade relations, and House, Senate, and concurrent resolutions commending Mongolia on its development of democracy and expressing support for expanded U.S.-Mongolia relations. Congressional interests in Mongolia have expanded steadily over the last 20 years. Congress has a strong interest in seeing Mongolia's transition to democracy and a market-based economy succeed. Some analysts believe that a vibrant Mongolian democracy not only serves the people ...