PROVISION AND TREATMENT PRODUCED WATER

Provision and Treatment Produced Water

CHAPTER 5: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Produced water containing varying amounts of salts and dissolved gases (CO, CO2, and H2S). May have some suspended solids which may contain traces of heavy metals and possibly excessive levels of radiation in the strontium and radius. Generally, before treatment, produced water contains levels too high droplets suspended and emulsified oil. Generally oilfield brines are unfit for human consumption or for the animal use. Produced water can also appear relatively clear and is often difficult to distinguish it from other waters (Syrotynski, 1971: 245).

Drinking Fountains

One of the biggest potential problems of salt water is pollution sources of drinking water. Most of the world's drinking water are underground but a few meters from the surface, or in rivers and streams (Scholz & Rouge, 2005: 8505). Most of these aquifers are fed by seepage from the surface, and are very susceptible to contamination by other fluids. Produced water is a contaminant of the ideal- same specific gravity than the aquifer, power supply potential of the water table, with a mobility equivalent and easily mixable with fresh water the water table. If a water table with a chloride level of, for example, 100 ppm was contaminated by oil field brine with 180,000 ppm chlorides, would require a level of 1200 to return dilution water to a level acceptable chlorides of 250 ppm.

The quality of surface waters is important for all standards dealing to maintain, and some of those applicable in United States of America are shown Appendix D. The program of the United States to eliminate water pollution is exercised under the Act Water Pollution, 1972 and subsequent amendments, and is administered by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Concerns about drinking water a source has focused public attention on the how production companies eliminate salt water. Now, the assessments policymakers must consider the cost of removal of water as a basic cost of production cannot be left to the unfettered discretion.

Volume

When production begins, the initial volumes of salt water generally are low, and it is often tempting to discharge the fluid in the vicinity without exercise any control. This is totally unacceptable. It is extremely unlikely that volumes decrease, except under unusual circumstances (Santos & Wiesner, 1997: 1120). If it is occurring in several areas may well be a reconstruction of delay or delaying the production of water, but in most areas permeability rock relative to the water ensures that once the outbreak occurs production water will not only continue but increase. It's actually quite normal for the water-oil ratio increases rapidly initially - one or more times. After this "outbreak" initial relationship oil-water increases more and more gradually, as the saturation water in the vicinity of the well continues to increase. Eventually the cost of printing, handle, process and remove the water, added to the low level of oil production, makes the operation of a pit longer economical. However, occur considerable volumes of water during the life of a well. For example, in Ohio, in 1988 there were 350,000 barrels of water in Louisiana ...