QUESTIONS

Questions

Questions

Q1: (a). Define the Following?

Nominal Premodification

Nominal Premodification comprises all the items placed before the head -notably determiners, adjectives and nouns. But, concretely, there are more types of premodifying items. onsider the series of nouns like shoot-out, put-down, etc. The final form of these words is a compound noun made up of a verb and a particle. But unlike most compound nouns they have no heads (except possibly in that the second element carries the infection: put-downs, *puts-down). This is probably due to the method of formation, which is a nominalization of a phrasal verb with a typical verb-to-noun stress-shift (compare [im'port]v ? ['import]n').

The capacity for being replaced by equivalent adjective phrases (or preposition phrases) is thus a distinguishing feature of nominal descriptors, compared with other non-subject noun phrases. A second criterion for recognizing them is their inability to be the focus of a cleft sentence:

It was an (53c) antique that the piano seemed (not a wreck).

Other lexemes which might appear to be compound in form but which were not historically formed by a compounding process may also lack the typical right-hand head of the English compound: attorneys general; mothers-in-law. Even things like passers-by may be seen as a nominalization from a phrasal verb (albeit a different type of nominalization (bichicosa.iespana.es).

Subordinate Clause

In traditional grammar, however, the term 'subordination' (when understood in a grammatical sense) is normally restricted to clauses. A distinction is drawn between subordinate clauses and main clauses (= nonsubordinate clauses), whereas no parallel distinction is drawn for phrases and words. Similarly subordinating conjunctions are words which introduce clauses whereas coordinating conjunctions are not limited to the function of joining clauses. For example:

Where a sentence contains two or more clauses they are generally related syntactically in one of two ways, coordination or subordination, as illustrated in (1):

Subordination: [They forgot [that my brother is a doctor]].

Contextual Assumption

A contextual assumption: that is to say, in the comprehension of a fictive utterance, the assumption that it is fictive is itself manifest. The main contextual effect of this assumption is to relatively subordinate implicatures that depend upon literal truthfulness in favor of those that achieve relevance in more diffuse and cumulative ways. Fiction does not achieve relevance globally, at one remove, through some form of analogical thinking, but incrementally, through the implication of various cognitive interests or values that are not contingent upon accepting the propositional truth of the utterance itself; and upon the deployment, investment, and working through of those interests in narrative form. For example: 1 Josef K. existed.

2 Josef K. was arrested.

3 Josef K. had not done anything wrong.

4 Someone had made a false accusation against him.

Implicature

The aspect of meaning that a speaker conveys, implies, or suggests without directly expressing. Although the utterance "Can you pass the salt?" is literally a request for information about one's ability to pass salt, the understood implicature is a request for salt. The process by which such a meaning is conveyed, implied, or suggested. In saying "Some dogs are mammals," the speaker ...