Runninghead: MICROARRAYS

Microarrays

[Date of Submission]

Microarrays

Introduction

The intricate relationship of a host and a microbial pathogen is the foundation of a contagious disease. If the molecular details are understood, of this reaction, one will be able to highlight the virulence associated host defense strategies and microbial genes as well as characterize the stimuli which they respond to along with their regulation means.

In order to unravel the intricacies of the interaction between the pathogen and the host, genomic sequencing is used. Till 2000, some 87% of the genomes of humans (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/seq/) and 39 prokaryotic genomes which include over a dozen pathogens of humans have been sequenced completely (http://www.tigr.org/tdb/mdb/mdbcomplete.html).

The speed of gene discovering is increasing at a rapid pace however its application in order to explain life at the levels of molecules is still a dream because the current level of knowledge of gene function is lagging behind. For instance, the Escherichia coli is studied a lot and yet there is no identified function of more than one third of its total genes.

Assessment of function through high throughput is evidently a required to utilize this informational treasure trove. Genes are commonly transcribed only where and when their functions are needed, which determines the conditions and locations in which the gene is expressed, allowing hypothesis regarding their functions. Many methods which high-throughput and independent for the differential gene expression might allow annotation of function in the genomes that are sequenced.

The DNA microarray hybridization analysis is ranked on top of the list for its comprehensiveness, simplicity, high throughput and data consistency. The control of transcription plays a chief part for the interaction between the pathogen and the host. This is why profiling genomewide transcription appears to be a suitable method to study the process.

Discussion

The Microarray based genotyping applications are even though expected to be essentially useful in this particular subject, following is a brief critical analysis of them.

High-Density Microarrays (DNA)

These are the basic tools which originated in 1995. These processes have already made a significant contribution to the fields of cancer biology, cellular physiology and pharmacology.

Originally microarrays were used to detect the presence of specific genes in the test sample tissue or determining the expression of these genes, in the latter case, the matrix form mRNA transcripts of those genes which are (4, 5). If construct DNA microarray containing probes react with appropriately selected genes germs, then detecting the presence of these genes in a clinical test material, detecting the presence of pathogens in the body in less than one time.

There are several types of microarrays however mainly, there are three of them - high-density microarrays, spotted microarrays and Electronic microarrays. The high-density microarrays are used probe DNA oligomers in the form of a length of 10-30 bases. They form clusters on the substrate a density> 10 6 / Cm 2. Microarrays have spotted on its surface spots with a diameter of 50-200 microns in length oligomers plotted principles 20-100 (10 4 / Cm 2 ).

Spotted microarrays consist of a population ...