[The future of tissue engineering of injuries]

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Table of content

TITLE PAGEI

ABSTRACTIII

1.0INTRODUCTION1

1.1 TREATING INJURIES USING TISSUE ENGINEERING2

1.1.1 TISSUE ENGINEERED SKIN6

1.1.2 TISSUE ENGINEERED CARTILAGE7

1.1.3 TISSUE ENGINEERED BONE7

1.1.4 TISSUE ENGINEERED PERIPHERAL NERVES8

1.1.5 TISSUE ENGINEERED CORNEA8

1.1.6 TISSUE ENGINEERED BLOOD VESSELS9

2.0TISSUE ENGINEERING IN WOMEN- POSTMENOPAUSAL INJURIES9

3.0TISSUE ENGINEERING IN GENETIC13

4.0TISSUE ENGINEERING IN SPORTS17

5.0TISSUE ENGINEERING IN CHILD22

REFERENCES22

Abstract

While the concept of tubu-lization as a treatment for nerve injuries has existed since the 19th century, recent advances in the fields of biomaterials engineering and tissue engineering have led to the development of synthetic nerve guides. Such guides offer the potential for improved performance over nerve auto grafting, the current gold standard in nerve repair procedures. An introduction to neural wound healing and surgical repair is provided; however, the review focuses on design considerations and recent developments in the field of synthetic nerve guides, chiefly in the areas of material selection, tube geometry, and the use of growth factors and other biologically active molecules to promote cell growth Tissue engineering holds promise in addressing donor organ shortage by combining the knowledge in the fields of cell biology, material science, engineering, and surgery to regenerate or replace injured tissues. Cells, biomaterials, and bioreactors are the three components of the standard tissue-engineering paradigm, and the success in creating functional engineered tissues lies in the integration of these components.

Introduction

The selection of cell source, scaffold generates material, and type of bioreactor depends on the specific type of tissue to be engineered. Cells should generally be expandable; this generates interest in the use of stem cells in regenerative medicine. Biomaterials should have the desired physical and biological properties as a support for tissue growth. Bioreactors should provide perfusion and physical stimuli to improve cell viability and tissue functions. Importantly, there have been many small-scale, yet successful, clinical applications of tissue engineering to human patients, including tissue-engineered trachea, bladder, blood vessel, and skin. (Hammerman 2008)

Molecular, cellular, and tissue engineering is an appearing control and esteem that locations the values and development of engineering treatments for refurbishing the structure and function of disordered substances, units, and tissues. Pathological disorders happen in biological schemes at the molecular, cellular, and tissue grades in answer to genetic alterations and ecological stimulations induced by chemical, microbiological, and personal factors. Engineering treatments are established founded on the means of pathological disorders and values of biomedical engineering. (Heinonen 2005)

Cell and tissue injuries or disorders occur due to physical impacts, chemical toxication, ischemia, cancerous metastasis, and/or microbiological infection, resulting in disability of involved organs. A therapeutic strategy is to identify and collect functional cells from the hosts or donors, regenerate cells in vitro, construct cell-based tissues by incorporating cells into scaffolds of biological matrix or synthetic polymers, and replace disabled cells and tissues with regenerated cells or tissue constructs. Such an engineering approach can facilitate the regeneration of injured tissues and prevent permanent organ disability. Because stem cells, including embryonic and adult stem cells, are capable of self renewing, differentiating, and repopulating, these are preferred cells for cellular and tissue ...