THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

Theory of Development

Erik Erickson and Maslow's Theory of Development

Introduction

There are numerous models of personality. One of the best famous is the psychodynamic theory that was deduced by Sigmund Freud. Erik Erikson, a German psychoanalyst thoroughly effected by Sigmund Freud, investigated three characteristics of identity: the ego identity (self), personal identity (the private idiosyncrasies that demarcate someone from another, social/cultural personal identity (the accumulation of public responsibilities someone might play) (Erikson, 1968).

 

Erikson's Stages of Development 

Erikson's psychosocial theory of development considers the consequence of external elements, parents and population on individuality development from childhood to adulthood (Erikson, 1968). According to Erikson's theory, there are eight interrelated steps over the every part of life cycle.

1. Infant (Hope) - Basic Trust vs. Mistrust

2. Toddler (Will) - Autonomy vs. Shame

3. Preschooler (Purpose) - Initiative vs. Guilt

4. School-Age Child (Competence) - Industry vs. Inferiority

5. Adolescent (Fidelity) - Identity vs. Identity Diffusion

6. Young Adult (Love) - Intimacy vs. Isolation

7. Middle-aged Adult (Care) - Generatively vs. Self-absorption

8. Older Adult (Wisdom) - Integrity vs. Despair

 

These eight steps, spanning from birth to death, are separate in general age ranges.

 

Infancy: Birth-18 Months Old (Basic Trust vs. Mistrust - Hope)

During the first or second year of life, the greatest with accent on is on the mother and father's nurturing skills and nurture a young offspring, principally in time spans of visual acquaintance and touch. The young offspring will deduce optimism, hope, self-confidence, and security if suitably looked after for and handled. If a young offspring does not understanding hope, he or she may deduce insecurity, worthlessness, and general mistrust to the world.

 

Toddler / Early Childhood Years: 18 Months to 3 Years (Autonomy vs. Shame - Will)

The second stage takes position between 18 months and 3 years. At this purpose, the young offspring has a possibility to manufacture self-esteem and autonomy as he or she studies new talents and right from wrong. The well-cared for young offspring is definite of him, conveying himself or her with self-respect as an alternative shame. During this time of the “terrible twos”, defiance, temper tantrums, and stubbornness can in addition appear. Children are likely to be exposed as long as this stage, at times feeling embarrassment and small self-esteem as long as incapacity to study certain skills.

 

Preschooler: 3 to 5 Years (Initiative vs. Guilt - Purpose)

During this interval we understanding a wish for to exact reproduce the older people throughout us and take opening in bringing situations. We make up narratives with Barbie's and Ken's, game handsets and miniature motor vehicles, playing out responsibilities in a tryout outer-space, experimenting with the plan for what we trust it signifies to be an adult. We in addition commence to use that superb remark for investigating the world—”WHY?”

While Erikson was affected by Freud, he downplays biological sexuality encouraging the psychosocial aspects of clash between young offspring and parents. Nevertheless, he said that at this stage we commonly become included in the classic “Oedipal struggle” and tenacity this strives through “social job ...