A Cross -Sectional Study on the Impact of Acculturating on Arab's Self-Efficacy,

Self-Esteem & Subjective Well-Being

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW1

Introduction1

The Concept of Acculturation1

Historical Perspective of Acculturation2

Acculturation among the Arabs4

Culture5

The Role of the Arab Intellectual7

Self- Efficacy8

Subjective Well-Being8

Self-Esteem9

REFERENCES12

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

Acculturation is a process of transformation of cultural patterns of a society determined by agreement between direct and prolonged groups of people from different cultures with different traditions and language, values ??and behaviors (Allen 2004, pp. 189-206). As an object of study of sociology, acculturation may have originated from the imposition of a hegemonic cultural model, or by assimilation of specific elements of cultural models. This phenomenon characterizes every society in every period of history but, in particular, countries with more advanced phenomena of immigration and close cohabitation with ethnic minorities.

The Concept of Acculturation

Acculturation leads to a voluntary cultural assimilation. This can lead to assimilation in the sense of giving up cultural identity or for the successful integration of the purposes of maintaining their own cultural characteristics. (Atkinson 2004, pp. 257-277)When people with different cultural backgrounds come together, the acculturation takes place mostly among all participants. It is an adaptation process that begins when a first cultural identity has been appropriated. Acculturation is a process through which a human group acquires or assimilated, usually unintentionally, certain values ??alien to their tradition.

Historical Perspective of Acculturation

The term acculturation (acculturation) first appeared in the literature of American anthropology in1880. Since that time, as said by J. Melville Herskovits, its use spread and appeared in a number of writings and anthropological studies, albeit with different meanings, sometimes contradictory. (Berry 2009, pp. 5-34) In the 1930s, as noted by Julian H. Steward, anthropologists moved towards studies of acculturation when the possibility of studying cultures functional native in the United States had virtually disappeared, and before the European anthropologists work on colonial problems. Now, there were great gaps and controversy that were studied and how they should treat subject. (Bourhis 2008, pp. 1-18)

The mutual influence or even one-sided approximation of cultures of different origin is due to close contact (contact culture). The process of transfer of cultural elements from one culture to another is important, therefore, detailed studies of contemporary cultural changes take place; particularly the adaptation of the cultures of individual nations in the European-American culture in the context of globalization. The one-sided, often deliberately induced alignment of the culture of a minority to the majority is also referred to as assimilation.

Although, this is a very common term in social science texts and generally in the academic environment, its meaning continues to be confusing at times and not without controversy among authors, either because of their origin, application or even appropriate translation for each language, of course, the term acculturation does not come from nothing or from a spontaneous thought, and its application or use may be different depending on the discipline or even the author. (Byrne 2010, 199-216)The term began to be used as a replacement for other widely used ...