Effect of Adrenaline, Dexamethasone and Glucagon On Plasma Glucose & Insulin

Introduction

Results & Graphs

Results in Table 1 show a relatively consistent plasma glucose and insulin over the examined period of time in the subjects injected with saline.

Table 1: Effect of saline on plasma glucose and insulin

Sheep No

6033

 

Sheep No

6003

 

 

Averages

 

Weight

49

 

Weight

38

 

Weight

43.5

 

Time

Glucose

Insulin

Time

Glucose

Insulin

Time

Glucose

Insulin

0

5.4

2.07

0

4.2

1.23

0

4.8

1.65

2

NA

NA

2

3.5

1.14

2

3.5

1.14

5

6.3

0.30

5

4.3

1

5

5.3

0.65

10

5.6

0.19

10

4.2

1.31

10

4.9

0.75

15

6.3

1.30

15

4.1

1.59

15

5.2

1.44

20

6.2

1.74

20

4.1

0.78

20

5.15

1.26

30

6.5

1.61

30

4.1

1.1

30

5.3

1.36

45

6.5

2.15

45

4.4

1.41

45

5.45

1.78

60

6.5

3.93

60

4.2

1.64

60

5.35

2.78

90

6.2

1.90

90

4.2

1.9

90

5.2

1.90

120

6

1.77

120

4.2

0.84

120

5.1

1.30

Glucose levels doubled within ten minutes and remained increased for subjects tested with adrenalineas can be seen in Table 2. Asignificant increase in insulin is also evident.

Table 2: Effect of adrenaline on plasma glucose and insulin

Sheep No

6309

 

Sheep No

6027

 

 

Averages

 

Weight

46

 

Weight

48

 

Weight

47

 

Time

Glucose

Insulin

Time

Glucose

Insulin

Time

Glucose

Insulin

0

5.5

0.68

0

5.3

0.97

0

5.4

0.82

2

5.7

2.25

2

7.6

1.98

2

6.65

2.12

5

8.5

3.10

5

9.3

2.99

5

8.9

3.05

10

8.7

5.05

10

10

4.96

10

9.35

5.01

15

8.5

6.62

15

8.4

6.30

15

8.45

6.46

20

8.2

10.46

20

9.3

10.50

20

8.75

10.48

30

8.2

13.70

30

8.8

13.45

30

8.5

13.57

45

8.3

16.12

45

8.6

15.94

45

8.45

16.03

60

8.2

16.33

60

8.6

16.40

60

8.4

16.37

90

7.9

13.92

90

7.9

14.10

90

7.9

14.01

120

7.3

7.97

120

7.1

7.30

120

7.2

7.64

Table 3 shows a relatively consistent level of glucose and insulin over the examined period of time in subjects injected with dexamethasone.

Table 3: Effect of dexamethasone on plasma glucose and insulin

Sheep No

6038

 

Sheep No

6067

 

 

Averages

 

Weight

41

 

Weight

49.5

 

Weight

45.25

 

Time

Glucose

Insulin

Time

Glucose

Insulin

Time

Glucose

Insulin

0

3.8

0.90

0

4.4

0.85

0

4.1

0.88

2

4.9

1.20

2

3.6

2.65

2

4.25

1.92

5

5.4

0.78

5

4.4

0.30

5

4.9

0.54

10.5

5.2

1.14

10

3.6

0.19

10.25

4.4

0.67

15

5.1

0.99

15

NA

NA

15

5.1

0.99

20

5

1.54

20

3.8

1.74

20

4.4

1.64

30

4.8

1.30

30

3.9

1.61

30

4.35

1.46

45

4.5

0.56

45

3.8

2.15

45

4.15

1.35

60

4.3

0.87

60

4.1

2.00

60

4.2

1.43

90

4.2

1.40

90

4.1

1.90

90

4.15

1.65

120

4.3

1.65

120

4

1.78

120

4.15

1.71

The levels of glucose doubled within the first ten minutes after injection of glucagon as seen in Table 4. Insulin levels also significantly increased after twenty minutes and remained increased at 120 minutes.

Table 4: Effect of glucagon on plasma glucose and insulin

Sheep No

6056

 

Sheep No

6037

 

 

Averages

 

Weight

43

 

Weight

54

 

Weight

48.5

 

Time

Glucose

Insulin

Time

Glucose

Insulin

Time

Glucose

Insulin

0

4.4

0.75

0

4.3

0.30

0

4.35

0.52

2

NA

NA

2

5.5

NA

2

5.5

NA

5

7.6

1.20

5

6.3

1.76

5

6.95

1.48

10

8.9

0.75

10

NA

1.43

10

8.9

1.09

15

9.5

0.97

15

7.3

1.43

15

8.4

1.20

20

9.8

15.80

20

7.4

18.37

20

8.6

17.09

30

9.2

29.40

30

7.5

34.05

30

8.35

31.72

45

8.5

34.50

45

7.1

41.16

45

7.8

37.83

60

7

39.40

60

6.1

42.69

60

6.55

41.04

90

5.2

26.40

90

6.3

28.50

90

5.75

27.45

120

4.2

22.80

120

4.1

20.99

120

4.15

21.90

In Table 5, results for glucose levels are slightly increased and fall between those of adrenaline and dexamethasone when test separately as can be seen in Table 2 and Table 3. Insulin levels significantly increase after twenty minutes and begin to decrease after ninety minutes, although still remaining on average ten times higher than initial levels.

Table 5: Effect of adrenaline and dexamethasone on plasma glucose and insulin

Sheep No

6060

 

Sheep No

6062

 

 

Averages

 

Weight

40

 

Weight

55

 

Weight

47.5

 

Time

Glucose

Insulin

Time

Glucose

Insulin

Time

Glucose

Insulin

0

4.7

2.10

0

4.9

0.73

0

4.8

1.41

2

6.7

2.71

2

5.8

3.77

2

6.25

3.24

5

6.3

3.80

5

6.5

4.09

5

6.4

3.95

10

6.2

5.20

10

6.6

5.47

10

6.4

5.33

15

6

7.30

15

6.7

6.53

15

6.35

6.92

20

6.9

11.60

20

6.8

9.31

20

6.85

10.45

30

6.7

19.40

30

6.4

22.97

30

6.55

21.19

45

6.7

24.60

45

6.4

25.88

45

6.55

25.24

60

6.2

32.70

60

7.2

30.86

60

6.7

31.78

90

6.4

37.40

90

6.3

33.46

90

6.35

35.43

125

7.1

18.60

120

5.4

14.99

122.5

6.25

16.80

The effects of Dexamethasone

Table 6: Effect of dexamethasone and glucagon on plasma glucose and insulin

Sheep No

6003

 

Sheep No

6051

 

 

Averages

 

Weight

43.5

 

Weight

42

 

Weight

42.75

 

Time

Glucose

Insulin

Time

Glucose

Insulin

Time

Glucose

Insulin

0

3.8

1.79

0

5.3

2.10

0

4.55

1.94

2

5

6.74

2

8.4

2.30

2

6.7

4.52

5

6.7

10.28

5

9.8

1.70

5

8.25

5.99

10

7.2

18.51

10

11

3.60

10

9.1

11.05

15

9.7

18.29

15

11.1

15.20

15

10.4

16.74

20

10.9

36.03

20

10.3

29.50

20

10.6

32.76

30

12.2

40.09

30

9.6

4.36

30

10.9

22.22

45

10.9

28.96

45

9

25.30

45

9.95

27.13

60

10.1

21.16

60

8.5

19.90

60

9.3

20.53

90

8.7

14.54

90

8.3

14.10

90

8.5

14.32

120

7.5

6.96

120

8.3

5.00

120

7.9

5.98

Table 7: Effect of adrenaline and glucagon on plasma glucose and insulin

Sheep No

6027

 

Sheep No

6013

 

 

Averages

 

Weight

49.5

 

Weight

39

 

Weight

44.25

 

Time

Glucose

Insulin

Time

Glucose

Insulin

Time

Glucose

Insulin

0

5.8

1.95

0

4.3

2.40

0

5.05

2.17

2

5.4

2.97

2

6.6

3.10

2

6

3.03

5

6.9

5.23

5

9.8

6.10

5

8.35

5.67

10

7.6

4.07

10

10.9

4.30

10

9.25

4.18

15

8.5

6.53

15

11.5

7.20

15

10

6.87

20

9

9.31

20

11.6

9.50

20

10.3

9.40

30

9.1

17.80

30

10.8

18.20

30

9.95

18.00

45

8.2

19.48

45

9.7

21.30

45

8.95

20.39

60

7.4

30.86

60

9.44

28.70

60

8.42

29.78

90

6.7

33.46

90

8.3

35.60

90

7.5

34.53

120

6.3

30.87

121.26

7.5

29.40

120.63

6.9

30.14

Table 8: Effect of adrenaline, dexamethasone and glucagon on plasma glucose and insulin

Sheep No

6039

 

Sheep No

6039

 

 

Averages

 

Weight

46.5

 

Weight

37

 

Weight

41.75

 

Time

Glucose

Insulin

Time

Glucose

Insulin

Time

Glucose

Insulin

0

5

1.88

0

4.5

0.97

0

4.75

1.43

2

7.9

2.57

3

5.6

3.12

2

6.75

2.85

5

8

3.55

5

8.4

4.10

5

8.2

3.82

10

9.6

2.85

10

9.3

2.54

10

9.45

2.70

15

10.2

2.54

15

9.9

2.34

15

10.05

2.44

20

11.8

3.92

20

10.5

4.20

20

11.15

4.06

30

13.3

8.65

30

11.1

9.60

30

12.2

9.12

45

12.5

16.83

45

10.7

16.30

45

11.6

16.56

60

11.8

32.71

60

10.3

35.70

60

11.05

34.20

90

10.9

64.52

90

9.2

54.90

90

10.05

59.71

120

11

41.59

120

9.3

38.20

120

10.15

39.90

Effect on Plasma Glucose

Figure 1: Effects of various hormones on plasma glucose

Figure 2: Effects of various hormones on plasma insulin

Discussion

The hyperglycaemic effects of Epinephrine are firmly established and their impact on the human body if well documented by the various researches in the recent biological medical industry. However the relevant research on the modulation of the Epi stimulated endogenous glucose production by the ingestion of glucose and insulin in the human body is still lacking. The results presented above have been presented so as to form this vital link and establish the impact of glucose and insulin on the human body and the comprehensive process of endogenous glucose production (Vicini et Al, 2002).. The aim of the contemporary researchers in the context of the overall effect of epinephrine on plasma glucose and insulin is to increase the research procedures and formulate a practical database of the acquired data. The exogenously increased plasma Epi concentrations within the human body have a drastic impact on the insulin and glucose dynamics. This is the reason why the research regarding this subject has to be increased so as to better understand the dynamics of the human body and the overall effect of adrenaline, dexamethasone and glucagon on plasma glucose and insulin. \

The hyperglemic effects of epinephrine on the human liver and on the overall functioning of the human body are firmly established in ...