[Human Down-Regulated in Multiple Cancers]

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would first like to express my gratitude for my research supervisor, colleagues, and peers and family whose immense and constant support has been a source of continuous guidance and inspiration.

DECLARATION

I [type your full first names & surname here], declare that the following dissertation/thesis and its entire content has been an individual, unaided effort and has not been submitted or published before. Furthermore, it reflects my opinion and take on the topic and is does not represent the opinion of the University.

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PROJECT PLAN

Biology of Cancer.

What is Cancer?

Tumour Growth.

The Process of Carcinogenesis.

Genes Involved in Carcinogenesis.

Tumour Diagnosis.

Benign Tumour.

Malignant Tumour.

The Causes of Cancer.

Risk Factors for Cancer.

Genetic Predisposition.

Mutagens and Mutational Spectra in Relation to Cancer Types.

Others.

Growth Factor.

Oncogenes.

Types of Cancer.

Breast Cancer.

Lung Cancer

Model Organisms.

What are 'Model Organisms'?

Types of Model Organism.

Genetic Model Organisms.

Experimental Model Organisms.

Genomic Model Organisms.

What are the main Model Organisms?

Mammalian Models.

Non-Mammalian Models.

Yeast.

S.pombe (fission yeast).

S.cerevisiae (budding yeast).

Other.

Other Model Organisms.

Why use these Organisms?

Genes commonly affected in cancer were identified.

What do these Genes do?

Up-Regulated.

Down-Regulated.

List of human Down-regulated Genes.

Strategies for cancer systems biology study.

Gene Expression.

PCR.

Microarray.

BIOLOGY OF CANCER

What is Cancer

Cancer is the group of diseases in which body produces an excess of cells malignant (known as carcinogens or cancer), with growth & division beyond normal limits (invasion of tissue surrounding & sometimes metastasis). Metastasis is spread at the distance, mainly via lymphatic or blood of cancer originating in cells, & growth of new tumours in locations that target metastasis. These properties differentiate malignant from benign tumours, which are limited & do not invade or metastasize. Normal cells to feel contact with neighbouring cells inhibit reproduction, but malignant cells do not have this brake. Most cancers form tumours, but some do not (such as leukemia). (ACS 2009 74)

Tumour Growth

Tumour growth has following characteristics:

Accelerated by an increase in cell division that causes tumour cells are in constant cell cycle with excessive cell proliferation. Uncontrolled, because not influenced by growth factors or other stimuli. THE study suggests that tumour growth can be controlled by external factors.

Process Of Carcinogenesis

initiation phase changes, regulation of oncogenes normally repressed by carcinogens (environmental pollutants) are going to cause cellular alterations.

However, altered cell & still be able to escape thanks to other cancer genes called suppressors that allow transferred DNA repair & prevent development of potentially cancerous cells.

But if these suppressor genes also have one or more changes that alter their function, cell becomes & first characters of malignant phenotype (loss of growth control & resistance to apoptosis). This phase is called transformed cell. In this phase, diet may play the role through either of antioxidants that protect DNA alterations induced carcinogenesis, or through other compounds capable of promoting DNA repair, or to intervene on evolution of agent carcinogen in body.

Cellular signals & transcription factors come into play certain oxidative species involved in synthesis of growth factors that induce hyperplasia. Therefore, any molecule prooxydante also promote tumour development, while antioxidants may even represent the protective effect.

transition from hyperplasia to tumour formed, characterised by cell proliferation ad infinitum & ability to ...