INDIA-PAKISTAN CONFLICT

India-Pakistan Conflict as a Social Constructivism



Abstract

India and Pakistan have been in conflict since independence and partition of British India in 1947. It's all started by a religious and territorial disputes (both wanted control of Kashmir) which led to the two states to confront several times, the two countries have fought three wars (in 1947-1948, 1965 and 1999) by the issue of Kashmir and related, and twice came close to resort to nuclear weapons. Today, more than 60 years, the conflict has failed to finish, and instead nationalism in both countries has grown. Not even with the help of the international community has been able to achieve peace but strong international concern and multilateral efforts have been taken to negotiate a formal conclusion to the conflict. However, neither the war nor the negotiations have come to a solution, and there has been no change since the two countries exchanged fire for the first time. The purpose of this essay is to explain, with the help of theories of international relations, because India and Pakistan are in conflict. The paper is divided as follows: the first part shows the history of the conflict between these two nations, the second paragraph is to explain the conflict between the two nations, once British India gained independence and was divided into India and Pakistan and the third part is uses the social constructivism approach to ameliorate (improve) the conflict between India-Pakistan, in the fourth part the effectiveness of the campaign will be evaluated and finally come to a conclusion.

India-Pakistan Conflict as a Social Constructivism

Introduction

The tension between India and Pakistan was established with the time of independence and partition of both states and over the conflict of Kashmir. Both countries have fought three times (1947-1948, 1965, and 1971) on the sovereignty of Kashmir that is divided between India, Pakistan and China. The armed conflict in 1947 led to the current division and de facto border between the two countries. Since 1989, the armed conflict has moved into the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1999, both countries carried out nuclear tests, the tension almost resulted in a new armed conflict, and paralyzed by U.S. mediation (Berger & Luckmann, 1967 Pp. 1-4).

In 2004, both countries took initiates for the progress of peace, but there were no any substantial progress to resolve the dispute of Kashmir. However, Indian accusations against Pakistan and support for the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir have persisted, and sporadic violence in the de facto border has divides the two countries. In 2008 there were serious attacks in the Indian city of Mumbai that led to the formal break in the peace process. Indians believed that the attack was organized on Pakistani soil. Since then relations between the two countries have stagnated although there have been some diplomatic contacts (Blumer, 1986 Pp. 15-17).

The purpose of this essay is to explain, with the help of theories of international relations, because India and Pakistan are in ...