Looking at the Success of Integration of Individuals with Severe Mental Illness into Nursing Home Populations from the Nursing Home (NH) Administrator's Point of View

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW1

The Dawn of the 21st Century1

Current Situation3

Maintaining Patient Dignity4

Nursing and Care Homes6

Integrating Individuals with severe mental illness into nursing home population7

BUPA Care Homes: A case in point8

Key Personnel at BUPA10

Research on Personality and Work Outcomes21

The Big Five Personality Factors: Role of NH Administrators22

Personality and Leadership of NHA Administrators24

Research on Nursing Homes27

SWOT of Nursing Homes Administrators (NHA's)30

NHA and Facility Quality35

Future Directions36

Summary of the Literature Review38

REFERENCES42

CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW

Nursing is the ultimate academic discipline and practice profession, which has shaped leadership displayed by women throughout the pace of time. Nursing was historically viewed as an extension of a woman's role in the home. Organized nursing had its roots in religious orders of women and men, such as the Knights Templar, dating back centuries before the era of Florence Nightingale, considered the mother of professional nursing. Nightingale was a leader not only in nursing but in her country. She set the stage for leadership for the thousands of women across the world that would come behind her to lead nursing into the next two centuries.

The Dawn of the 21st Century

During the last half of the 20th century, there were cyclical nursing shortages that were generally resolved by the efforts of nurse educators and nurse administrators to recruit more students into programs. Associate degree nursing programs, noted above, were proposed in the 1950s in response to nursing shortages after both World War II and the Korean War (Mcleod, 2003).

During shortages of the late 1980s, some programs reduced their admission or progression requirements or both of these to ensure that more students moved through the pipeline to become graduate nurses (Ashburn, 2008). Schools that lowered their admission and retention standards often experienced greater failure rates on the national nursing licensure examination that all graduates take for licensure as registered nurses (Wunsch, Harrison, Harvey & Rowan, 2005).

By 2002 schools were suddenly experiencing a surplus of qualified applicants (AACN, 2008d). At the same time great concerns were being expressed by government bodies, regulatory agencies, health care organizations, and professional organizations in nursing related to the dire predictions of an unprecedented nursing shortage with its threats to patient safety and quality of patient care, especially in acute care settings.

Numerous nursing and health care organizations, foundations, government agencies, and health services researchers began to study how to address this shortage and its impact on patient safety and quality of care (Bodenheimer & Berry-Millett, 2009). The implications of the shortage related to the safety and the quality of patient care were identified by many studies as a cause for concern (Mcleod, 2003).

The leaders of major nursing organizations lobbied for federal funding to support the growth of nursing education (Gill, Allore, Holford & Guo, 2004). That resulted in the creation of the Nursing Reinvestment Act in 2002, which has been underfunded since its passage throughout the years of the Bush ...