ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

The organic chemistry deals with the chemical and physical properties of organic molecules. It is defined as conventionally organic compounds, the compounds of the carbon with the exception of the oxides, carbon monoxide and dioxide, and salts thereof: anion hydrogen carbonate and anion carbonate respectively, only formally by carbonic acid derivatives (in reality it does not exist in aqueous solution), over other minor exceptions (WikiBooks, 2012).

History

The term “organic chemistry” was adopted for the first time in 1807 by Jons Jacob Berzelius. The term “organic” was initially linked to the fact that this branch of chemical compounds studied more or less complex living organisms, extracted from plant or animals, or their metabolites. This definition was abandoned in favour of the above analysis in 1828 , when the German chemist Friedrich Wohler first succeeded in the synthesis of an organic compound (the urea) from inorganic compounds, thus demonstrating that substances produced in the laboratory from inorganic compounds were identical to those having the same structure, isolated from living organisms and thus refuting the vitality hypothesis, who wanted somewhat peculiar “organic” substances because of their biological origin (Patrick, 2004; 9).

Mainly, phosphorus, halogens, sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen (from 116 elements) are categorized in organic chemistry. In 1828, Friedrich Wohler synthesized the first organic compound in his laboratory (urea) (WikiBooks, 2012).

Hydrocarbons and Heteroatom

The organic compounds consist of only hydrogen atoms (H) and carbon (C) are those hydrocarbons; such as methane, having the chemical formula CH 4 , is the simplest of the hydrocarbons.

Other elements , often present in organic molecules are referred to collectively as “hetero” and the oxygen, the nitrogen, the phosphorus, the sulphur, the boron, the halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine) and other semi-metallic elements, as well as certain metals capable of forming coordination compounds with the same carbon. In particular, the organic compounds containing metal atoms directly linked to carbon atoms are called organometallic or organo-metallic; between the metalorganic include organo-lithium, sodium-, magnesium-, manganese-, mercury-,-lead, thallium-, and zinc (Carter, 2007; 5-7). The cyclic compounds, the ring of which contains one or more heteroatoms, are instead defined “heterocyclic”.

Systematic Organic

The more classical approach to the study of organic chemistry is to group the compounds into classes of substances which have the same functional group, thus defining a homologous series. The compounds that are part of the same class have the same composition and the same chemical properties, while their chemical-physical properties (such as melting point, vapour pressure etc.) vary as a function of molecular weight (Clayden, 2001).

Within this classification the alkanes represent the family of easier compounds, being formed only from carbon atoms and hydrogen which establish between them a simple bond. Alkenes and alkynes are similar to alkanes, but show, respectively, double and triple bonds. These three classes of compounds represent the hydrocarbons aliphatic, which differ from the aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzene) to the fact of not having aromaticity. As you are adding other chemical elements different from carbon and hydrogen, you tend to get more complex ...