Pain Management

Name of the Writer

Name of the Institution

Pain Management

Introduction

Nobody likes to suffer pain. As an unpleasant sensation, pain is a reaction of the body to physical illness, injury, or mental disease. Pain is generally divided in two categories: acute pain and chronic pain. Acute pain occurs suddenly due to injury suffered by a tissue. The injury can be inflicted by anything that damages body tissue, i.e., surgery, trauma or cancer. Heart rate and blood pressure usually rise in acute pain. However, once the cause of the pain is eliminated, the pain normally reduces. Chronic pain, usually linked to a chronic disease, persists longer and lacks a clear cause. Chronic lower-back pain, chronic headaches, or cancer pain belongs to this category.

Unmanaged or poorly managed pain can affect other chronic conditions as well. Poorly controlled pain can contribute to respiratory distress in patients with congestive heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nursing staff is responsible for assessing ensuring effective and timely delivery of therapies, and monitoring for pain reduction. Nursing personnel, who lack knowledge in these areas is not effective in decreasing patients' pain. Additionally, the lack of systemized care processes contributes to poor management of pain (Waldman, 2009).

Ways of Pain Management

Pharmacotherapy

Drugs are the classic method for the treatment of pain. Different classes of compounds with varying degrees of action and potential side effects are used to reduce pain. Typical analgesics are opioids and non-opioid analgesics, and adjuvant drugs used the cause of pain affect (such as infections by cortisone, vasospasm with antispasmodic agents, nitrates). The choice of suitable medication should be individually adapted by the patient. A large proportion of patients with advanced cancer in addition to chronic pain. As a treatment, for example, the fast-acting opioid fentanyl be envisioned, or nasal mucosa can be absorbed through the mouth, to overcome pain (Chris, 2008).

Local anesthetics

It is the lidocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine or ropivacaine, which inhibit the formation or transmission of an electrical impulse.

Kryoanalgesie (freezing)

The so-called anesthesia refrigeration influence the pain receptors of the nerves under the skin by blocking it. The procedure is often used for sports injuries, such as bruises. The extended Kryoanalgesie neural pain receptors, for example, in joint capsules of the lumbar intervertebral joints by using cold probe off of liquid nitrogen / destroyed, resulting in sustained pain relief in the affected joints.

Anesthesia

The general anesthesia (general anesthesia) for pain management is to bridge relatively short and very painful condition used in surgery, dressing changes, trauma, etc.

Physical therapy/physical measures

The reflexes run from the sensory nerves of the skin to the autonomic nerves of the internal organs (such as warm compresses on the abdomen result in a relaxation of the intestine). The sensory nerves of the skin areas also occur at the same height into the spinal cord and the sensory nerves of the associated internal organs.

Massage Therapy

Certain massage techniques (such as reflexology and massage of the torso, the foot segment of manual therapy, acupressure, etc.) can take on the reflex arcs influence on the associated internal organ. ...