Robotic Surgery

Robotic Surgery

Introduction

A developing area of practice in microsurgery where the surgeon, instead of manipulating surgical instruments him or herself, instead guides a robot which actually performs the surgery. Telerobotics involves manipulating a robot electronically at a distance. Various robotic procedures have been devised in heart and lung surgery, prostate gland surgery and orthopaedics, amongst others. The advantages are said to include accuracy, avoidance of operator error, ideal three-dimensional vision, tremor reduction and motion scaling. Medical surgical robots work as opposed to industrial robots is not automatic but based on the principle of master and servant: the surgeon as a master performs at a control console, the desired motion, the robot is copied as a servant of these movements in the body of the patient in real time. Despite the fascination of the art: The success of the operation depends also on the ability and the experience of the operating surgeon (Ashcraft, 2005).

The main advantages for the patient are the same as the manual "keyhole surgery": The much smaller surgical wound causes less pain, smaller scars and leaves provides some shorter hospital stays. Main advantages for the surgeon: less rapid fatigue due to ergonomic posture and partly programmed and precise movements. Thus, the minimally invasive surgeries are used more frequently, which in turn will benefit the patient. Surgical application of robotic systems is one of the most exciting and significant technological developments of this century, it is impossible to calculate its consequences in the future. Great strides were made in closed transactions in the last 10 years, and the use of robotic systems has become a fundamental solution to technical limitations. The use of robotic surgical systems has many advantages. While the current laparoscopic systems provide only a two-dimensional image, robotic systems offer surgeons a three-dimensional image of the operative field and a sense of depth to provide it with "hands", which, unlike human hands never get tired and allow for an unprecedented duration of the operation. Since the robotized system superior freedom of movement and the possibility of even a human hand, achieved a much greater precision and agility (Ballantyne, 2004).

Discussion

Modern Robotic Surgical System

Current robotic systems are divided into three categories: active, semi-active and copying. The first two categories offer a degree of artificial intelligence and autonomy of the surgeon, but is more commonly used systems are copying the absolute control of the surgeon's console, a robot with remote control. These systems were first developed by NASA for astronauts in distant healing and the first space robot system "da Vinci" TM has received official approval in the U.S. in 2000 (Gharagozloo, 2009).



The Use of Robotic Surgery

These developments have expanded the application in general, thoracic, orthopedic, pediatric, and urologic surgery. In urology, the main areas of application are as follows: radical prostatectomy, pyeloplasty, operations on the lumbar muscle flap of Boari, ureteral reimplantation, radical cystectomy, ileal neotsistis, donor nephrectomy, adrenalectomy, radical and simple nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy and sakrokolpopeksiya.

The use of robotic technology began in 1994, mainly in ...