The effectiveness of non pharmaceutical treatments on pain in the elderly

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This dissertation is an opportunity for me to extend my regards to my research supervisor, my beloved friends, and my family for their untiring support that they furnished throughout my research. I am grateful to them for their belief in me and the guidance that they provided me without which I would have never been able to work on and complete this research. It also signifies my own views and does not closely relate to the university.

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DECLARATION

I, (), would like to declare that all contents included in this study stand for my individual work without any aid, and this proposal has not been submitted for any examination at academic as well as professional level, previously. It is also represents my very own views and not essentially those that are associated with other university.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSi

DECLARATIONii

Pain1

Need for a Non pharmaceutical Approach3

Non Pharmaceutical Treatments for the Elderly4

Physical Strategies4

Manual and Massage Therapies4

Heat and Cold5

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation6

Exercise Therapy6

Behavioural Strategies7

Attentional Techniques7

Acupuncture8

Cognitive- Behavioural Interventions8

Coping strategy9

Relaxation10

DISCUSSION11

Search Strategy for Literature Critique11

Critical Analysis11

Characteristics and Design of Studies being reviewed11

Quality of the Methods utilized12

Discussion13

Methodological Concern17

Recommendation for Further Research and Implications for Clinical Practice20

Conclusion20

Bibliography22

LITERATURE REVIEW

The condition of pain is a public health issue contributing to the spiralling health care costs. It is an essential burden on the society. Pain is usually one of the most terrifying symptoms that individuals are prone to face once in a life time and therefore, such an unprocessed pain may result in numerous negative consequences. The pain management is an essential component providing suitable care to the patients. The flourishing pain relief reduces numerous complications for instance, anxiety, poor sleeping, shortens recovery time, and length of hospital stay. In assessing and managing pain the nurses are thought to play a vital role. The effective pain management is considered to be a major challenge and the lack of knowledge about the management of pain is well documented.

Pain

The condition of pain can be categorized as acute or chronic and by pathophysiology such as mixed, Nociceptive (Visceral or Somatic), and Neuropathic. The term of “Nociception” is defined as a normal processing of physiological mechanism of pain in the periphery by organ nociceptors (visceral pain) or somatic nocicept (somatic pain). It initiates when the primary sensory neurons transmits the pain signals to the spinal cord defining its quality, duration, and intensity from the area of injury to the transduction pain of the spinal cord. Therefore, the direct and organized spinal cord projection is thought to locate to the exact area of the injury site. Through the sensory afferent neurons, the pain modulation occurs in the dorsal part of the spinal cord and the descending and ascending pathways input blocked or enhanced the pain pulses. Numerous somatic nerves are located in the bone, skin, muscles, connective tissue, and synovium. The visceral pain is considered to be manifested as aching pain or localized pain when the tumours presents in the organ capsule or as poorly ...