THEORY & MODEL

Nursing Theory and Model

Nursing Theory and Model

Neuman's Systems Model

“Neuman's model focuses on the person as a complete system, the subparts of which are interrelated physiological, psychological, sociocultural, spiritual, and developmental factors.” Polit & Henderson p. 103 The Neuman Systems Model is a unique, systems-based perspective that provides a unifying focus for approaching a wide range of nursing concerns. The Neuman Systems Model is a comprehensive guide for nursing practice, research, education, and administration that is open to creative implementation…(and) has the potential for unifying various health-related theories, clarifying the relationships of variables in nursing care and role definitions at various levels of nursing practice (Neuman, & Reed, 2007). The multidimensionality and wholistic systemic perspective of the Neuman Systems Model is increasingly demonstrating its relevance and reliability in a wide variety of clinical and educational settings throughout the world.

The NSM introduced by Betty in 1971, Known as identification stressors and management stress model. The aim of model was to promote the stability (health) in individual. This model is considered unique in nature as it uses the knowledge from various disciplines. The important one includes, general system theory which reflects the nature of living organism as an open system, but also incorporates knowledge from Selyes stress theory, Gestalt theory: of homeostasis, deChardin Philosophy wholeness of life and Caplan's Conceptual Model of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Levels of Prevention (Alligood, &Tomey, 2010).

NSM perspective is based on assumptions that are enclosed in four nursing paradigm these are person, environment, health and nursing. NSM perspective focused to assess stressors with its degree of reaction and promote health by using three level of prevention as nursing intervention. The central view starts from wholeness of person (consist of individual, family or community group) represent within boundaries of defense circles. Of these boundaries outer one is flexible line of defense (FLD), next to this is normal line of defense (NLD) following this there is line of resistance. Each of these boundaries viewed as a composite of physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental and spiritual variables. The function of these boundaries is to protect person from environmental stressor as person is constantly interact environmental stressors consist of intra, inter and extra-personal. Then environment viewed as internal, external and created. Health is denoted as stability, considered as dynamic in nature which can be achieved by successfully adjusting to environmental stressors. On other hand system is challenged by environmental situation despite of using energy in other means the three types of defense lines that exist around client, considered as protective barriers fails to protect system from stressors. The state then recognized as illness, which can be reconstituted by using of three level of prevention as nursing intervention that are used to strengthen the three lines of defense (George, 2002; Alligood & Tomey 2010).

Madeleine Leininger Theory

Transcultural Nursing Theory discovers and explains the culturally based care factors that influence health, well-being, illness, and death of each individual or community. The purpose and goal of the transcultural nursing theory is to provide culturally ...