TOXICOLOGY

Toxicology

Toxicology Audit

Introduction

In this section of the report, we will be conducting a toxicology audit for the textile industry. Textile industry is basically a group of light industry engaged in processing natural, artificial and synthetic fibers into yarn, thread and fabric. The term textile industry was originally used to refer to the process of manufacturing of fabrics from fibers, but it now includes a wide range of other processes such as the manufacture of knitwear, napping, finish, color and so on.

In prehistoric times, were used to make fibers, animal hair, plants and seeds, and in the mid-18th century AD were obtained the first synthetic fiber. Despite the fact that synthetic fibers made from cellulose and petroleum products, either alone, or in combination with other synthetic or natural fibers have been used widely, they could not completely replace the fabric, such as wool, cotton, linen and silk.

Natural dyes were originally used for dyeing yarns and fabrics, but with the invention of the 19th century coal dyes and the development of synthetic fibers in the 20th century, the painting process more complicated. In the implementation of modern methods of printing can be obtained by more than 180 meters of fabric, painted in 16 or more colors for 1 minute.

Textile industry from an environmental point of view

In the textile industry there are two sources of environmental problems. Risk to the environment (including human) presents the processes occurring in direct production of fabrics, and processes related to the use of the product.

Environmental issues in the production of textiles

Major environmental problems caused by the activities of factories producing textiles, - toxic substances that enter the atmosphere and wastewater. In addition to potentially toxic substances are often a problem odors, especially if plants are dyeing and printing textiles are located near residential areas. Vent emissions may contain solvent vapors, formaldehyde, hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide and metal compounds.

Solvents can sometimes be collected and cleaned for reuse. Particulates are removed by filtration. Flushing gas is effective against water-soluble volatile compounds such as methanol, and is not effective for pigment printing textiles, where part of the emission is mainly composed of hydrocarbons. Flammable substances may be burned, but it is relatively expensive. However, the main solution is to use materials that produce a minimal amount of harmful emissions. This applies not only to the dyes, binders and cross linking agents are used when printing textiles, but also to formaldehyde and to the residual monomer content in tissues.

Wastewater pollution unfixed dyes is a serious environmental problem not only because of the potential risk to human and animal health, but also because of suspended particulates, clearly visible to the naked eye. Usually the staining can be achieved fixation dyes in 90%, but when printing textiles with reactive dyes are common levels of fixation in 60% or less. This means that more than one-third of the reactive dye enters the waste water during the washing printed fabric. Additional amounts of dyes in the waste water when washing screens and drums.

Many countries have set limits of pollutants in waste water, but often they are difficult to observe without the ...