CANCER DEATHS

Mammogram exams and reduction of breast cancer deaths



Mammogram exams and reduction of breast cancer deaths

Breast cancer is one of the most dangerous types of cancer among women all over the world. It happens to over 11% women during their life time. The world health organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) estimates that more than a million cases of breast cancer will occur worldwide annually and more than 400,000 women die each year from this disease . Early detection of breast cancer is essential in reducing life fatalities . Digital mammography has been used in attempts to reduce the negative biopsy ratio and the cost to society by improving feature analysis and refining criteria for recommendation for biopsy. Digital mammography is a convenient and easy tool in classifying tumors and many applications in the literature proved its effective use in breast cancer diagnosis .

Image features extraction is an important step in image processing techniques. The features of digital images can be extracted directly from the spatial data or from a different space. Using a different space by special data transforms such wavelet or curvelet can be helpful to extract specific characteristics from a data. Detecting the features of image texture is a difficult process since these features are mostly variable and scale dependent.

In recent years, several schemes for mammogram analysis using wavelet were introduced. Liu et al. proved that the use of multiresolution analysis of mammograms improves the effectiveness of any diagnosis system based on wavelets coefficients. In their mammogram analysis study, they used a set of statistical features with binary tree classifier.

Over one million people are diagnosed with cancer each year in the United States. Approximately one out of every two American men and one out of every three American women will have some type of cancer at some point during their lifetimes. While the overall cancer death rate declined during the 1990s, cancer remains the second leading cause of death.

For men and women combined, the most commonly diagnosed form of cancer in Virginia is lung and bronchus cancer, followed by colon and rectum cancer. The most common form of cancer for women is breast cancer. For men, prostate cancer is the most common cancer. There is a lack of data on the access to mammography and its relation to the incidence of early breast cancer.

Regression

Scatter Plot of mammogram vs breast cancer

From above scatter plot of mammogram vs breast cancer we observed a linear relationship among these two variables so we test Linear regression among these two variables.

Variables Entered/Removedb

Model

Variables Entered

Variables Removed

Method

1

mammogram a

.

Enter

a. All requested variables entered.

b. Dependent Variable: breast cancer

Model Summary

Model

R

R Square

Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

1

.210a

.044

.002

3.93214

a. Predictors: (Constant), mammogram

In statistics, the coefficient of determination R2 is the proportion of variability in a data set that is accounted for by a statistical model. In this definition, the term "variability" is defined as the sum of squares. There are equivalent expressions for R2 based on an analysis of variance ...