Multi drug resistance of Infectious disease and Gram negative Bacteria

by

ABSTRACT

World health organizations have been concerned for the past few decades by the growing problem of antibiotic resistance in developing countries. This discussion grew louder when such bacteria reached the developed world where for the first time since the discovery of antibiotics, patients have acquired bacterial infections that cannot be treated, putting lives at risk and increasing health-care costs. The purpose of this study is to examine the multi drug resistance of infectious disease and gram negative bacteria.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACTII

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1

Research Background1

Research Objective2

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW3

Misuse of Antibacterial Agents5

Drug Resistant Organisms5

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY6

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION7

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH ETHICS8

REFERENCES9

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Research Background

Control on infection due to multidrug resistance bacteria is the need of hour. Regular antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance is essential for area-wise monitoring of the resistance patterns. There is a need to introduce institutional antibiotic policy to restrict the occurrence of antibacterial resistance among the hospital strains and to prevent effectiveness of available antibiotics (Desenclos and Guillemot 2004 p. 759). Researchers found that bacteria that acquire a multidrug resistance gene called the CFR gene are able to grow and spread at a similar rate compared to Staphylococcus Aureus that do not carry the multidrug resistance gene. Usually, bacteria that acquire drug resistance do so at what scientists call a "fitness cost" in which the bacteria grow more slowly than bacteria without the resistance trait, providing somewhat of a natural check from keeping the resistant bacteria from spreading out of control. This latest research indicates that Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria carrying the CFR multidrug resistance gene pose a potential threat as an emerging superbug (Desenclos and Guillemot 2004 p. 759).

Staphylococcus aureus, causing nosocomial infection is a versatile and dangerous pathogen emerging rapidly in hospitals, usually infecting skin causing boils, pustules and impetigo. In systemic infections, it causes osteomyelitis, mastitis, septicemia, wound infection and occasionally toxic shock syndrome (Desenclos and Guillemot 2004 p. 759). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a multi-drug resistant isolate, resistant to Macrolides, lincosides, aminoglycosides and beta-lactams which include Penicillin and Cephalosporins. Staphylococcus aureus can colonize the anterior nares of healthy individuals, who may carry MRSA asymptomatically for few weeks to many years. Colonization with MRSA in health workers is dangerous and more likely to cause infection and results in higher morbidity, mortality than colonization or bacteremia caused by methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (Desenclos and Guillemot 2004 p. 759).

In hospital admitted patients, respiratory tract, open wounds, intravenous catheters and urinary tract are potential sites for infection. Hospital acquired MRSA infection is defined as, occurring in a patient whose MRSA isolate was cultured more than 48 hours after admission or who has a history of hospitalization, surgery, dialysis or residence in a long term health care facility within six months prior to the culture date or had an indwelling intravenous line, catheter or any other percutaneous medical device present at the time, the culture was taken (Desenclos and Guillemot 2004 p. 759).

MRSA was 1st reported in 1961 from United Kingdom, shortly after ...