What Extent Do State Responses Cause Terrorism

what extent do state responses cause terrorism

Abstract

This objectives of this study was to find out to what extent state responses do cause terrorism. Terrorism is one of the most debatable subjects in both criminology and sociology. The consequences of terrorists' acts are disturbing and have world wide-impact regardless of where the acts were committed. The recent surge of these terrorist acts has not been adequately examined in spite of their horrifying effects. Many of these acts of terrorism have been linked to a violence-condoning interpretation of the Islamic faith, and the perpetrators are often referred to within the media as Islamic extremists. Although a majority of Muslims, particularly intellectuals and the educated do not condone acts of terrorism and violence, these acts have been nonetheless committed in the name of Islam. Extremism and advocating violence in the name of religion are historically common. They are not a new phenomenon or unique to the Islamic faith (Stern, 2003). The goal of this paper is to review the issues related to the recent rise of terrorist acts in Islamic and Western countries. The focus will be on the psychological variables linked to these acts. First, a brief review of information from other disciplines is necessary to provide important background information.

Table Of Content

Abstract2

Chapter 15

Introduction5

Background5

Purpose of Study6

Problem Statements6

Rationale6

Chapter 27

Literature Review7

To what extent do state responses cause terrorism?7

Foundation for terrorism7

Problems surrounding the definition of terror11

Justifications for terrorism15

Political justifications15

Social justifications/socialization18

Psychological justifications20

Demographic characteristics20

Chapter 322

Political, legislative and military responses in Northern Ireland22

Chapter 429

Military responses and terrorism29

Emerging Consensus36

Psychological impact37

American military responses against Libya38

Military response in hostage crisis39

Chapter 542

Other state response rather than war42

Economic sanctions42

Negotiations, Peace talks and amnesty as a response to terrorism44

Terrorists' Sense Of Reason46

Chapter 651

Conclusion51

References56

Chapter 1

Introduction

Background

There is no single definition that adequately describes the many expressions of terrorism that have spread throughout history (Drummond, 2002 and Laqueur, 1987). The main elements of terrorist action are the calculated use of unexpected, shocking, and unlawful violence against non-combatants in order to intimidate or coerce a government or civilian population to accept demands on behalf of an underlying ideology or cause.

There are several reasons given for the use of terrorist activity. Among them are: to create high profile impact on the public with the goal of undermining public confidence in their own government; to make routine social activity difficult; to inflict as much damage as possible; to seek vengeance; and to create physical pain and paralyzing psychological emotions such as panic, chaos, unrest, fear, paranoia, anxiety, anger, grief, and a sense of tragedy (Ardila, 2002, Furnish, 2005, Hudson, 1999, Lawal, 2002, McCauley, 2002, Reid, 2002 and Thackrah, 2004).

Purpose of Study

The purpose of this study was to find out to what extent state responses do cause terrorism. Terrorism is one of the most debatable subjects in both criminology and sociology.

Problem Statements

What extent state responses to terrorism cause terrorism?

What we will be looking at, are the traditional hard-line responses and the soft line responses?

Rationale

Hard-line responses are the use of military and paramilitary measures to ...