Emission Control of Exhaust Gases from Marine Engines

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION3

Research aims and Objectives3

Problem Statement4

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW5

Diesel Combustion5

Early diesel engine history5

Current diesel engines6

Diesel emissions7

Alternative Fuels8

Engines and exhaust after treatment systems for future automotive applications9

Engine concepts for future automotive applications9

Emission control systems with chemical and physical sensors10

Biodiesel Basics11

Marine Emissions Regulations and Standards13

Engine, Fuel, and Emissions Engineering, Inc. (EF&EE), 200216

Emission Reduction Technologies17

Water Aided Emission Reduction Technologies17

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY19

Test Vessel and Test Engine Specifications19

Test Vessel19

Test Engine Specifications20

Water Injection System (WIS)22

Test Fuels23

Test Matrix24

PM Cart (Partial-flow dilution tunnel)25

Recommendations27

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Diesel engines are considered to be the most efficient power plants among the various types of internal combustion engines. Almost all heavy-duty trucks, urban buses, marine vessels and industrial equipment across the world are powered mostly by diesel engines; hence the exhaust emissions from diesel engines are of great concern. Diesel engines have been one of the major contributors to atmospheric pollution, which is hazardous to both human health and the environment. The emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOBxB) and diesel particulate matter (PM) are of particular concern. Recent emission regulations for various categories of marine engines are a clear indication of this concern.

The strict regulations on emissions from automobiles and heavy duty on-highway diesel engines have considerably reduced the exhaust emissions from these engines, owing to development of new fuels, engine designs and various emission reduction technologies. The focus is now on curtailing emissions from non-road sources such as marine vessels, as emissions from these sources have historically not been subjected to close scrutiny (Zhou, 1997). The air quality issues and increased international and domestic attention on emissions from marine sources have resulted in new regulations being promulgated.

Research aims and Objectives

The global objective of this research is to carry out an appropriate research to determine the alternative technologies that might be available to ship owners instead of using Low Sulphur marine Diesel oil. The research will also determine the environmental benefits of operating a hydrofoil deployed high-speed passenger ferry on low-sulfur diesel (LSD) fuel (with and without intake air water injection), compared to operating the ferry on marine diesel fuel. The study was part of United States Maritime Administration (MARAD)'s Marine Exhaust Reduction Program in partnership with other government agencies and the industry. Funding for the research program was provided by the United States Department of Energy (USDOE).

Problem Statement

The global ocean-going fleet is broadly classified into two categories: transport and non transport. The transport fleet predominantly consists of large ocean-going vessels (OGVs). These vessels typically have one low to medium speed main propulsion engine, three to five auxiliary engines and a boiler. The non-transport fleet consists of military vessels and harbor-craft (e.g.: fishing vessels, tug boats, ferries and service vessels). Harbor-craft have medium to high speed main and auxiliary engines. On most harbor craft the main engines are used to move the vessel over the water while the auxiliary engines are used for hotelling and other unique vessel equipment needs (Gekas, 2002).

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Diesel Combustion

The first diesel-powered engine appeared ...