Nursing Management and Leadership in Iraq Health Care System

By

[School or Department Name]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Initially I would like to articulate gratitude for my dissertation supervisor, classmates, and my friends whose constant and immense support has been a foundation of continuous inspiration and guidance. I would also like to thank my parents whose guidance and love was with me in whatever I have pursued so far. Furthermore, this dissertation reflects my opinion and takes on the issue and is it does not symbolize the University opinion.

Signature: _______________________________

Date: __________________________

DECLARATION

I, (Your name), would like to declare that all contents included in this study stand for my individual work without any aid, and this proposal has not been submitted for any examination at academic as well as professional level, previously. It is also represents my very own views and not essentially those that are associated with other university.

Signed __________________ Date _________________

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSi

DECLARATIONii

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW1

2.1 Introduction1

2.2 Differences between Leadership and Management in Nursing2

2.3 Leadership and Management in Nursing4

2.3.1 Introduction4

2.3.2 Leadership5

2.3.3 Emotional intelligence5

2.3.4 Leadership in Nursing6

2.3.5 Management11

2.3.6 Management in Nursing12

2.3.7 Nursing Leadership in Middle East and Iraq14

2.4 Leadership and Management Styles15

2.4.1 Dictatorial Leadership style16

2.4.2 Autocratic leadership style17

2.4.3 Bureaucratic leadership style17

2.4.4 Participative leadership style17

2.4.5 Transactional leadership style18

2.4.5.1 Management-by exception18

2.4.5.2 Dependent reward leaders18

2.4.5.3 Laissez-faire style leaders19

2.4.6 Transformational leadership style19

2.4.6.1 Idealized influence20

2.4.6.2Inspirational leaders20

2.5 Effective nursing leadership22

2.5.1 Nursing leader's activities29

2.6 Nursing leadership education31

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY37

3.1 Introduction37

3.2 Theoretical Framework: Social Constructionism38

3.3 Research design42

3.3.1. Interpretive descriptive approach43

3.3.2. In-Depth Semi-Structured Interviews45

3.4 Study location46

3.5 The sample48

3.6 The Participants49

3,7 Data collection49

3.8 Data Analysis51

3.9 Ethics approval54

3.10 Limitations of the study55

References56

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

In westernised health care organisations, the role of the nurse has changed over the decades to meet the changing needs of western health care. These changes have also impacted on the role of the nurse as a leader in health care organisations. While this may be the norm in westernised health care, as Surakka (2008) has pointed out, that this is not the norm in Iraq. With the current focus on the development of the advanced nursing practitioner within westernised health care systems (Schober & Affara 2006); it is important that the status of the nursing profession in Iraq is improved.

As an experienced Iraqi nurse, I have been aware of and concerned for the status of nurses as leaders in the Iraq health care system for some years and this concern has led to my undertaking this research. The low status of nurses, the poverty of training and the low opportunities for nurse leadership within the system generate a high level of emigration of nurses from the profession (Garfield & McCarthy 2005). There are long standing problems in the nursing profession in Iraq (Al-Da'mi & Boyle 2011). One of the key problems is the lack of nursing leadership due to the devaluing the role of the nurses by the physicians (Al-Da'mi and Boyle 2011). Research is needed into the state of nurse leadership and management in Iraq in order to inform the profound changes needed for the nursing profession to move forward in the ...