Proteomics

Proteomics

Introduction

Proteomics is to identify systematic proteins and their characterization with respect to structure, function, activity, quantity and molecular interactions.

The proteome is the set of all possible products protein expressed in a cell, including all isoforms and post-translational modifications. The proteome is dynamic over time, vary in response to external factors and differs substantially between the different cell types of the same organism.

Proteomics is the study of large-scale protein, in particular its structures and functions. This term was coined in analogy to the term genomics, proteomics discipline with respect to which is the next step, being much more complex. In fact, while the genome entity is almost constant, the proteome differs from cell to cell and is in continuous evolution in its continuous interactions with the genome and the environment. An organism has radically different protein expression depending on various parts of his body, at different stages of its life cycle and in different environmental conditions. The control of gene expression is studied by comparative genetics.

Explain what do all these proteins do; biological process?

The identification and estimation of protein levels are crucial to obtain a complete picture of many biological processes. However, the abundance of proteins inside the cell is not only regulated at the transcriptional level, but also at the translational and post-translational, so that no simple relationship can be established between rates 'mRNA and protein. The fact that a single gene, and even a single mRNA, can lead to several distinct proteins by their (s) function (s) makes this correlation risky. Finally, some proteins have a long life, that is to say that even synthesized at low speed they can accumulate in the cell remain functional, while others - short lived - quickly eliminated.

A protein according to its cellular state (differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis) will be in a given compartment (cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria) or be secreted by the cell. Without proteome analysis, a change in localization of the protein required for its biological activity will go unnoticed.

Molecular Function

Cellular proteins usually take to defined structures that are necessary to perform their specific functions. The basic mechanisms of folding and modification, as well as the degradation of proteins are closely related to their molecular function and, ultimately, their physiological and pathophysiological roles. In this field of research scientists use a variety of techniques to visualize the structural aspects of biological macromolecules at different resolution levels, and to facilitate their identification and characterization of different modifications.

The X-ray crystallography, high resolution optical and electron microscopy techniques, and mass spectrometry are the key methods used in this research field. These approaches can be used to gain insight into a synthesis of new proteins and their subsequent folding in the targeted degradation of proteins and in the architecture of large protein complexes. A common goal of this research area is to understand the molecular basis of biomolecular recognition processes.

Cellular Component

The integral proteins need to be isolated, of drastic treatments, which disarrange the structure of the cell membrane. The integral proteins can be divided into trans-membranose, intra-membranose ...