WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR HABITAT MONITORING

Wireless Sensor Network for Habitat Monitoring



Abstract

The Wireless Body Sensor Networks are emerging as a great solution for tracking people with health problems. Until now, these networks just read the patient's vital signs and send all collected information to a collector device where data will be processed or shown to doctors. This approach results in a short lifetime of nodes that make up the network, due to high energy consumption associated with the transmission of all read data to the base station, because radio is the element with higher consumption in the node. Including an algorithm to process signals read by the sensor in the nodes instead sending them directly, significantly reduce consumption, thus it reduces the wireless communication, when only relevant information about the patient state is transmitted to the base station. For this work, we focus on electrocardiogram processing (ECG), using a wireless platform designed by IMEC that can read 25 ECG signals and electroencephalogram (EEG). An application for the analysis of the ECG signal and automatic real-time diagnosis of cardiac diseases has been designed, and it has been optimized for the limited processing capability of the platform used. Using this application, a 99.11% reduction in energy consumption of radio has been achieved, with respect to other networks, where all information collected by the sensors is transmitted to the base station without any pre-processing,

Table of Content

Introduction5

Problem Statement and Goal Problem Statement9

Goal10

Significance of the study12

Composite Event Detection12

Bounded Delay13

Energy Efficiency14

Heterogeneous Architecture of WSNs15

Literature Review17

WSN applications and reconfiguration needs19

Historical Overview19

Smart Dust Project21

Environmental Applications22

Hardware26

Software26

Architecture of a micro-sensor26

The capture unit26

The processing unit27

The transmission unit27

The control unit of energy28

External storage29

Local storage29

Data-centric storage30

Sensor Network Architectures31

The Star topology32

Topology "canvas" or "grid" (Mesh Network)32

The hybrid topology32

Energy33

Memory Size33

The ability to process data33

Contact34

Mesh Network34

Network Embedded System Technology (NEST)39

European Efforts40

Commercial Endeavors40

Air pollution monitoring44

Distributed Coordination47

Methodology48

Data flow48

Description of the work:48

Wireless Sensor Networks

Introduction

Human activities can cause a strain on fragile environments. In turn, a strained environment contributes to a decline in the numbers of plant and animal species and, in some instances, causes their extinction. Environmental strains include natural habitat destruction through human population expansion in urban areas, industrial practices that cause air and ground pollution, indiscriminate and unsustainable agricultural practices that destroy natural landscapes for the production of food and fuel, and the illegal exploitation and removal of species from the wild. Human beings, however, also possess the capabilities to mitigate environmental strains and stabilize affected habitats and their inhabitants through responsible stewardship, conservation, and education.

Responsible activities for safeguarding the integrity of the environment involve the collaborative efforts of various stakeholders, including governments, non-government organizations, scientific researchers, and conservationists. The coordination of disparate stakeholder groups requires international treaties, commissions, and agencies specifically focused on environmental issues. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international organization that includes 175 member parties located in six geographic regions, specifically Africa, Asia, Central and South America and the Caribbean, Europe, North America, and ...