PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION.

Public Administration

Public Administration

Public Administration

Answer No. 1

Rational Decision-Making Model

The Six-Step Rational Decision-Making Model

1. Define the problem.

2. Identify decision criteria

3. Weight the criteria

4. Generate alternatives

5. Rate each alternate on each criterion

6. Compute the optimal decision

Elite-Mass Model

Policy-making elite actions in a natural environment distinguished by apathy and information distortion, and rule a mostly passive mass. Policy flows down high ground from the elite to the mass. Society is split up into those who have power and those who manage not. Elites share standards that differentiate them from the mass. The current public policies contemplate elite standards, which usually maintain the rank quo. Elites have higher earnings, more education, and higher rank than the mass. Public policy may be examined as the standards and preferences of ruling elite. The elites form mass attitude more than vice versa. Public agents and managers only convey out policies decided on by the elite, which flows 'down' to the mass (Bryder 2003). It supposes that:

Society is split up into the mighty couple of and the powerless many; only the couple of assign standards (the mass manage not decide public policy).

The couple of are not usual of the mass; elites are drawn disproportionately from the top strata.

There should be slow and relentless action of nonelites into elite positions, but only after they accept elite standards, in alignment to sustain steadiness and bypass revolution.

All elites acquiesce on rudimentary communal system and preservation standards, i.e., personal house, restricted government, and one-by-one liberty.

Changes in public policy will be incremental rather than revolutionary, mirroring alterations in elite standards (not mass demands).

Active elites are subject to little leverage from apathetic masses.

Implications are that the blame for the state of things rests with the elites, encompassing the welfare of the mass. The mass is apathetic and ill-informed; mass sentiments are manipulated by the elite; the mass has only a digressive leverage on decisions and policy. As communication flows only down high ground, democratic well liked elections are symbolic in that they bind the mass to the system through a political party and occasional voting. Policies may change incrementally but the elites are cautious and won't change the rudimentary system.

Only policy options that drop inside the variety of elite worth agreement will be granted grave consideration. Competition hubs round a slender variety of matters, and elites acquiesce more than they disagree; there is habitually affirmation on constitutional government, democratic procedures, most direct, flexibility of talk and of the press, flexibility to pattern political parties and run for agency, equality of opening, personal house, one-by-one start and pay, and the legitimacy of free enterprise and capitalism. The masses will not be relied on to support these standards consistently, therefore the elite should support them (Dyer 2004).

Group Model

Public policy outcomes from a system of forces and stresses portraying on and answering to one another. Usually focuses on the legislature, but the boss is furthermore forced by concern groups. Agencies may be apprehended by the groups they are intended to regulate, and managers become progressively incapable to differentiate ...