ABDOMINAL OBESITY IN METABOLIC SYNDROME

The contribution of abdominal obesity in the metabolic syndrome and how waist circumference measurement by medical practices can increase awareness and reduce the prevalence



The contribution of abdominal obesity in the metabolic syndrome and how waist circumference measurement by medical practices can increase awareness and reduce the prevalence

Purpose Statement

In the US, Europe, and throughout the world, abdominal obesity in the metabolic syndrome is increasing. Depressive symptoms may contribute to abdominal obesity through the consumption of diets high in energy density. This cross-sectional study included 87 mid-life, overweight adults; 73.6omen; 50.6.

African-American. Variables and measures: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) to measure depressive symptoms; 3-day weighed food records to calculate DED; and waist circumference, an indicator of abdominal obesity. Hierarchical regression tested if DED explained waist circumference variance while controlling for depressive symptoms and consumed food and beverage weight. Three approaches tested DED like a mediator. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the role of abdominal obesity in the metabolic syndrome and explained the waist circumference variances.

Research Questions

What is the link between abdominal obesity and waist circumference?

How waist circumference is affected by metabolic syndrome?

How can we establish a relation between metabolic syndrome and abdominal obesity?

Introduction

Abdominal obesity, adipose tissue that is centrally distributed, is a cardiometabolic risk factor. In the United States and Europe, the prevalence of abdominal obesity (defined as waist circumference > 102 cm for men and > 88 cm for women; is increasing. Obesity was once considered a problem primarily in high income; countries, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide, particularly in urban areas of low and middle income countries. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome significantly increase the risk for cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. Multiple abnormalities that can lead to kidney injury have been identified in overweight and obese people, including insulin resistance, compensatory hyperinsulinemia, inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system, increased oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, coagulability, and impaired fibrinolysis.

The combined effects of these conditions induce, in the kidneys, impaired pressure natriuresis, glomerular hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and vasoconstriction, as well as matrix proliferation and expansion. Chronic psychological stress accompanied by depressive symptoms, and in combination with diets that are high in energy density, those high in fat, sugars, and starches may contribute to abdominal obesity and cardiometabolic risk. A greater understanding of the behavioral mechanisms that mediate the relationship between depressive symptoms and abdominal obesity may lead to the creation of innovative, tailored weight loss interventions (Ford, 2010).

The conceptual basis of the study was adapted from Cohen, Kessler, and Gordon's (1995) stress and coping theory that proposes that individual characteristics, such as age, gender, and race/ethnicity, and environmental demands may predispose individuals to psychological stress. Depending on the individual's coping behaviors and available resources, these demands may contribute to psychological stress which can precipitate, or exacerbate depressive symptoms, particularly in susceptible individuals (Figure 1). Our conceptual model proposes that depressive symptoms are associated with unhealthy dietary patterns and diets characterized by high dietary energy density ...