Airport redesign for safety and security:

Case study of three U.K airports Manchester, Heathrow and London City

By

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, it would give me great pleasure to show my gratitude to my professor, for his propositions, remarks, understanding and patience. It would also be an honour to express gratitude to my parents, my mother, my father, my sister and my brother for their endless support in my life and allowing me to make all my decisions. I would also like to take the opportunity to show appreciation to my co-workers for their expert cooperation on every occasion. I would also like to be grateful to the Department, managers of the university, instructors and students who have supported me throughout this research.

I certify that the work presented in the dissertation is my own unless referenced

Signature..........................................

Date.....................................

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DECLARATION

I declare that the content presented in this thesis/dissertation is, in my understanding and opinion, original and has not been presented for scholarly assessment in the past, either completely or partly, for an academic degree at this educational institution or elsewhere. I would also like to admit that I have studied and understood the principles, prerequisites, processes and guidelines of the University regarding the higher academic degree research award and to my dissertation. I would also like to declare that I have abided by the University's principles, prerequisites, processes and guidelines.

Signed __________________ Date _________________

ABSTRACT

This research focused on the topic airport redesign for safety and security. The researcher took case study of three airports and found the possible security threats to the airport. The researcher chose this topic because airports are the main hub for air transportation. The researcher took three international airports i.e. Manchester, Heathrow and London City airport and discussed their security and safety perspectives. The researcher did extensive study and did mixed research for this study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTII

DECLARATIONIII

ABSTRACTIV

LIST OF TABLESVIII

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1

1.1Background of the study1

1.2Introduction2

1.3Problem statement2

1.4Research Aims and Objectives3

1.5Rationale of the Study3

1.6Research question4

1.7Outlay of the study4

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW6

2.1Airport Security6

2.2Trends in Security6

2.2.1The Ideal Service Level9

2.2.2The Desired Service Level9

2.2.3The Adequate Level9

2.2.4Zone of Tolerance9

2.2.5The Predicted Service Level10

2.3Post 9/11 security10

2.4Additional screening13

2.4.1Hand-Wand Inspection13

2.4.2Pat-Down Inspection14

2.4.3Carry-On Baggage15

2.5Airport security threats15

2.5.1Bombings15

2.5.2Airline hijacking15

2.5.3Smuggling16

2.6The concept of CPTED16

2.7Measures and parameters for maintaining airport security16

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY20

SECTION 1: RESEARCH METHODS AND RATIONALE20

3.1Research design20

3.2Strength and weakness of the mixed research21

3.2.1Strengths21

3.2.2Weaknesses22

3.3Justification of research tools22

SECTION II: RESEARCH METHODS APPLIED23

3.4Research tools utilized23

3.4.1Questionnaires23

3.4.2Secondary data collection24

3.5Likert scale24

3.6Questionnaire Design24

3.7Population25

3.8Data Sampling25

3.9Survey participants26

3.10Data Analysis26

SECTION III: RESEARCH METHOD CRITIQUE26

3.11Validity26

3.12Reliability27

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS28

4.1Introduction28

4.2Analysis of the security initiatives at the selected airports28

4.2.1 Security initiatives at the Manchester airport28

4.2.2 Security initiatives at the Heathrow Airport29

4.2.3 Security initiatives at the London City Airport30

4.3Questionnaire analysis31

4.4Section 1: Possible Security Threats To Airport38

4.5Section 2: Measures Taken By Manchester, Heathrow and London City Airports to Improve Their Security41

4.6Section 3: Improve the Security44

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION49

REFERENCES52

APPENDICES58

Appendix A: Informed consent cover letter58

Appendix B: Questionnaire Survey60

Appendix B: Responses of the Questionnaire Survey64

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1: AGE DEMOGRAPHICS OF RESPONDENTS31

TABLE 2: GENDER DEMOGRAPHICS32

TABLE 3: AIRPORT STAFF SECURITY MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE33

TABLE 4: CUSTOMERS FREQUENCY OF TRAVELLING34

TABLE 5: SECURITY PERCEPTION MEASUREMENT35

TABLE 6: AIRPORT SECURITY MANAGEMENT PERCEPTION35

TABLE 7: LEVEL OF COMFORT AT AIRPORTS36

TABLE 8: SECURITY MEASURES PERCEPTION36

TABLE ...