BIPOLAR 1 DISORDER

Bipolar 1 Disorder

ABSTRACT

In this study we try to explore the concept of “Bipolar 1 Disorder” in a holistic context. The main focus of the research is on “Bipolar 1 Disorder” and its relation with “human behavior”. The research also analyzes many aspects of “Bipolar 1 Disorder ” and tries to gauge its effect on “the development to cognitive patterns among human beings”. Finally the research describes various factors which are responsible for “Bipolar 1 Disorder” and tries to describe the overall effect of “Bipolar 1 Disorder ” on “psychological dismantlement, faced by subjects diagnosed with this untreated phenomenon”.

Table of Contents

Introduction4

Historical Evolution Of The Concept Of Bipolar 15

Signs and symptoms7

Episodes of depression8

Manic Episodes9

Hypomanic10

Related Symptoms10

Cardinal vs. Non-Specific Symptoms10

Age-Specific Presentations11

Irritability and Rage11

Chronicity, Episodes, and Cycling13

Manic Depressive Illness13

Epidemiology14

Longitudinal Course of Symptoms15

Family History17

Differential Diagnoses17

Differentiation from Disruptive Behavior Disorders17

Differentiation from MDD and Anxiety18

Differentiation from SMD18

Differentiation from Medical Illness19

Conclusions20

Bipolar 1 Disorder and DSM

Introduction

One of the most controversial diagnoses in child and adolescent psychiatry is Bipolar 1 disorder (McClellan et al., 2007). Early psychiatrists such as Kraeplin recognized that Bipolar 1 disorder could occur in prepubertal children, although at low rates of 0.3% to 0.5% (Stringaris et al., 2010). As the psychiatric establishment from the 1920s to the 1970s embraced Anna Freud's view of psychosocial development, practitioners believed that children did not have the ego development to show signs and symptoms of Bipolar 1 disorder, thus it was rarely diagnosed (Tillman & Geller, 2006). In the 1970s, the advent of biological psychiatry changed treatment paradigms for adults with Bipolar 1 disorder, and psychiatrists once again began to consider the Bipolar 1 diagnosis in children and adolescents. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4 th edition (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria for Bipolar 1 disorder included information about the presentation of this affective disorder in children and adolescents, which was continued in DSM-IV-TR (Tillman & Geller, 2003).

Bipolar 1 disorder is a mood disorder Chronic characterized by the occurrence of at least a manic or mixed episode with or without major depressive episodes. The first episode may be manic or depressive, and rates of recurrence rates are common.

People with Bipolar I disorder have characteristic symptoms. The most current one a manic episode is causing elevated mood euphoria or unusual cheerfulness. Relatives of who recognize such behavior manifests as excessive, while others may not take for particularly expansive mood. Mood is also characterized by a permanent enthusiasm and non-selective interpersonal relationships, sexual or professional. 

Data from large epidemiologic and genetic studies showed that 20% to 40% of Bipolar 1 adults had childhood onset of symptoms, and that Bipolar 1 disorder runs in families with up to 40% to 70% being inherited ((Robb, 2011). In a large epidemiologic study of youth 14 to 18 years of age, up to 1% met diagnostic criteria for Bipolar 1 disorder.8 Other studies have shown that the incidence rate of childhood Bipolar 1 disorder diagnoses has risen rapidly in the last 2 decades from 0.6% to 13% depending on definitions (McClellan et ...