[Cardio protection in acute stroke]

by

Acknowledgement

I would take this opportunity to thank my research supervisor, family and friends for their support and guidance without which this research would not have been possible.

DECLARATION

I [type your full first names and surname here], declare that the contents of this dissertation/thesis represent my own unaided work, and that the dissertation/thesis has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the University.

Signed __________________ Date _________________

Abstract

In this study we try to explore the concept of “cardio protection” in a holistic context. The main focus of the research is on “stroke” and its relation with “cardio protection”. The research also analyzes many aspects of “cardio protection” and tries to gauge its effect on “stroke”. Finally the research describes various factors which are responsible for “stroke” and tries to describe the overall effect of “cardio protection” on “acute stroke”.

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTII

DECLARATIONIII

ABSTRACTIV

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1

Background of the study1

Research Aims and Objectives3

Significance of the study3

Research Questions3

Ethical Consideration4

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW5

Stroke5

Cardio protection and Cardiac Death5

Disparities in Stroke Incidence and Mortality6

Disparities in Stroke Risk Factors7

Disparities in Stroke and Socio-Economic Status8

Disparities in Awareness9

Metabolic Pathways of Cardio protection11

Acute Myocardial Infarction12

Risk Factors for AMI12

Stroke and obesity effects on AMI13

Myocardial Preconditioning14

Early phase preconditioning15

Late phase preconditioning16

Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1p)17

Discovery of Lysophospholipid Receptors19

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY22

Mixed Research22

Classification of research methods22

Multi-method studies23

Mixed method studies23

Steps in mixed methodology23

Strength and weakness of the mixed research:24

Strengths24

Weaknesses25

Participants25

CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION26

Ischemia reperfusion injury- Sources of Injury26

Free radical Injury26

Calcium effects on IfR27

Peroxynitrite injury28

HNE and I/R injury28

Mitochondrial Injury29

Mitochondria pore transition (MPT)31

Cardio protective mechanisms of NO32

Cardio protection by Aldose Reductase34

Mitochondrial biogenesis35

Mitochondria enzymatic activity39

Mitochondria ROS40

Mitochondria respiration in cardio protection41

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION43

REFERENCES45

Chapter 1: Introduction

Background of the study

Both medical professionals and patients are well aware of the dangers of high cholesterol, but most know little about the risks of low cholesterol, despite the many studies that have examined the issue. The first report to show a relationship between low cholesterol and cerebral hemorrhage was a cohort study and many subsequent observational studies have shown that low cholesterol is associated with cerebral hemorrhage, cancer, suicide, injury, and noncoronary mortality. However, there is no explicit evidence that these relationships are causal. A meta-analysis of interventional trials showed that cholesterol-lowering therapy was associated with high mortality in a population with low cardiovascular risk.

Although this meta-analysis focused on interventions other than statins, studies of statins have also shown that statin administration is associated with increases in cancer incidence among elderly adults, breast cancer incidence during the secondary prevention phase, and total cancer incidence. Many researchers reported that the relationship between low cholesterol and mortality disappeared when deaths due to liver disease were excluded. To clarify this issue, it was investigated that the relationship between cholesterol and mortality with respect to cause of death (deaths due to stroke, heart disease, and cancer). In addition, the relationship between cholesterol and mortality was examined after excluding deaths due to liver disease. Every year approximately 17 million people worldwide die of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which accounts for around 4 million ...