CIRCUMCISION IN FEMALE CHRISTIAN AFRICANS

Circumcision In Female Christian Africans

Circumcision In Female Christian Africans And Its Physical And Psychological Effects

Several dictionaries, including medical dictionaries define word circumcision as applicable to certain procedures performed on females. Cook states that historically, term female circumcision was used, but now this has been replaced by genital cutting in females. Toubia argued in 1995 that term female circumcision "implies the fallacious analogy non-mutilating male circumcision, in which foreskin is cut off tip of penis, without damaging organ itself.”However, in 1999 Toubia in his book “Man and female circumcision,” states that she agrees that circumcision - i.e., genital mutilation of girls and boys - is wrong in spite of its practical widespread.

Female genital cutting (FGC), also known as female genital mutilation (FGM), female circumcision or female genital mutilation (FGM), is any procedure that involves partial or total removal of external female genitalia or other injury to organs female genitals, whether for non-therapeutic, cultural, religious or otherwise. “Term is used almost exclusively to describe traditional religious or the child, who requires parental consent due to age of child.

When procedure is performed with consent of an adult it is often called female circumcision, or may be part of labiaplasty or vaginoplasty. It also usually does not refer to procedures used in gender reassignment surgery and intersex genital modification.

Female genital mutilation is practiced mainly in North Africa and parts of Middle East and Southeast Asia, but has also been reported to occur in various tribes of South America and Australia. Opposition is motivated by concerns about consent (or lack thereof, in most cases) patient, and then consequences of long-term safety and procedures. In recent decades, there have been many concerted efforts by World Health Organization (WHO) to end practice of FGM. United Nations has also declared February 6 as "International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female genital mutilation."

In February 2010, the review of Pharos, collects information on health care for refugees and migrants, found that many women who have undergone female genital mutilation suffer from psychiatric problems. This was first study of psychiatric and social complaints associated with female circumcision. In Dutch study 66 questioned African women who had undergone practice, turned out to be "stressed, anxious and aggressive." Also found that they were more likely to have relationship problems or in some cases, fears of the relationship. Study estimated that 50 women and girls are believed to be circumcised every year in Netherlands. Report was published to commemorate International Day against FGM.

The study by anthropologist M. Rogaia Abusharaf, found that "circumcision is seen as" machine that puts body of woman of his properties men and women she interviewed, is the source of power and strength. "

Among practicing cultures, FGM is usually performed between ages of four and eight years, but can occur at any age from infancy through adolescence. Ban has led to FGC go underground, sometimes with people who have had no medical training performing cutting without anesthetic, sterilization or proper use of medical ...