[Construction Project: Indoor Arena Stadium]

By

Acknowledgement

I would take this opportunity to thank my research supervisor, family and friends for their support and guidance without which this research would not have been possible.

DECLARATION

I [type your full first names and surname here], declare that the contents of this dissertation represent my own unaided work, and that the dissertation has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the University.

Signed __________________ Date _________________

Abstract

The last decades, newly built large sports stadia are also increasingly being used for other events such as concerts, conferences and other activities. An example of such a modern multifunctional stadium is the 'ArenA'. This stadium is equipped with a roof that can be opened and closed depending on the weather conditions and the type of event. No HVAC systems are present to control the conditions of the relatively large indoor air volume (~106 m3). When the roof is closed, the large number of spectators and insufficient natural ventilation can lead to problems concerning the indoor air quality, while overheating can be an additional problem in summer. Full-scale measurements were performed to assess the current indoor climate and air exchange rate. In addition, CFD simulations were performed to analyse the air exchange rate in the current configuration and the air exchange rates of four alternative ventilation configurations. CFD was preferred for this study for the detailed simulation of air flow through the relatively small ventilation openings, the discharge coefficients of which are unknown. The CFD simulations showed that the air exchange rate can be increased with up to 43% by creating additional openings in the upper part of the stadium.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION6

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW8

Description of Stadium and Surroundings8

Surroundings8

Stadium8

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY11

Full-Scale Measurements11

Air exchange rate11

Indoor thermal climate12

CFD Simulations: Computational Model and Parameters13

Model geometry and computational domain13

Grid14

Boundary conditions15

CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS17

Validation17

Alternative ventilation configurations18

Results19

Discussion19

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION21

REFERENCES22

Chapter 1: Introduction

Newly constructed large up to date sports stadia are often multifunctional structures that are not only utilised for sports reasons but furthermore for live performances, seminars and other festivities. In alignment to help these happenings some of the freshly constructed stadia are equipped with a top covering building that can be opened and shut, counting on the climate conditions. By concluding the top covering, a semi-indoor natural environment is conceived and spectators and gear are defended from breeze, rainfall and snow. When the top covering is shut, natural ventilation of the stadium can only happen through somewhat little openings in the stadium envelope. Because of the nonattendance of HVAC schemes in numerous of these stadia and the large number of spectators that can be present throughout a agree or live presentation, the inside air value can become a difficulty, as well as overheating throughout summer. In the past, some investigations have been undertook in relative to the weather in inside stadia (Nishioka et al. 2000, Stamou et al. 2008) and open stadia (Fiala and Lomas 1999, Bouyer et ...