CULTURAL ISOLATION HEALTHCARE AND TREATMENT

Cultural Isolation Healthcare and treatment

Cultural Isolation social welfare systems Healthcare and treatment

The health care sector's articulation of two institutional arrangements - social welfare systems and national innovation systems. The health care system possesses a distinctive characteristic relative to other economic sectors, i.e. it is the intersection between social welfare and innovation systems. Pakistan a third world country faces incredible social problems in their healthcare system.These two systems (two institutional constructions) endeavour to surmount market restrictions. Jamil 2002 Pp. 120) points to a market economy trend to under-invest in research and development activities, which, as in the medical sector, would lead to the emergence of non-profit institutions so as to reach more desirable levels of R&D investment. These two institutional arrangements may be justified by Arrow's analysis, which considers that the market poses restrictions to efficiency (a task for the innovation systems) and equity (a task for social welfare systems).

The scientific and technological progress of nations - a decisive source of economic growth and development - is an outcome of complex institutional articulations involving firms, their R&D laboratories, universities and research institutions, financial systems, teaching institutions in general and the interaction of all such institutions, especially among firms.

National innovation system can be disaggregated into different sectors as the characteristics of technological progress vary significantly among the several sectors. It is appropriate to say that innovation in the textile sector is quite different from innovation in the computer industry, i.e. the latter, for instance, depends much more on scientific knowledge and has a closer relation to universities and research outcomes. Scholars of innovation economics have been surprised at the existence of a close relation between science and technology in the health care sector. Following this rationale, the health sector can be outlined by the innovative dynamics differently from other economic sectors. Cautiously, however, the existence of an innovative subsector in the health care sector could be suggested.

A starting point already determined in the specific literature of the sector is the notion of medical-industrial complex, which is an articulation involving medical care, education networks (schools, universities), the pharmaceutical industry and the medical equipment and diagnostic instrument industry. Back to that suggested formulation, the existence of an innovative subsystem within the health sector stemming from the literature on economics of technology and innovation adds to it a major aspect, i.e. it is necessary to study the information flows of technology and the mechanisms generating innovation in the medical-industrial complex. Razzaq and Daud 2006 presented a review of the literature on complex interactions between universities, industries and medical care systems, which pushed forward the advancement of medical technology. As in other sectors, interactions between demand for and supply of innovation are complex and varied. (Colclough, Nevill Pp. 70)

What is peculiar in the interaction between health innovation systems and health care systems is their closer tie to each other and the more immediate impact between technological progress and social welfare, the latter a decisive component of economic growth ...