DSM-IV-TR



DSM-IV-TR

Introduction

The term DSM stands for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and helps in classifying mental disorders by providing a standard criteria and a common language. It is commonly used in America and all around the world by researchers, clinicians, health insurance companies, policy makers and psychiatric drug regulation and pharmaceutical agencies. The latest version of DSM-IV-TR is organized comprising of a unique five-part axis system. The first axis includes clinical disorders while the second includes intellectual disabilities and personality disorders. The remaining axes include psychological, environmental and medical factors and also incorporates the assessment if the functioning of children. This manual evolved from various systems which were designed to collect psychiatrist hospital statistics and census. The DSM-IV was published in the year 1994, although its text revision was published in the year 2000.

Discussion

It is commonly argued that DSM represent and comprises of unscientific system identifies the opinions of limited powerful psychiatrists. It also criticized on the basis of its reliability and validity of the diagnostic categories. There are several categories of DSM-IV-TR disorders for example substance abuse, eating, personality disorders, and sex/gender/sexual.



Eating Disorder

Eating disorders refer to eating or refusal for eating not to satisfy a physical need but to satisfy a psychic need. In this condition a person does not react to bodily signals or in some scenarios is not aware of them. There are several types of eating disorders for example binge eating disorder, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Biological

Biological components for example hormonal imbalances resulting from Mendelian inheritance can trigger eating disorders. It has also been proved the Epigenetic mechanisms, which refers the effect that environment has on the genes of humans through different methods for example DNA methylation tend to result in eating disorders. These are potentially reversible and can be heritable but might also occur during the lifespan.

Emotional

It has been proven that emotional conflicts often result in eating disorders for example when a person does not have enough control over his/her subconscious level of awareness and has severe old emotional hurts (Collier & Treasure, 2004). In order to fight with such emotions people often tend to develop eating disorders as their eating habits are influenced by their psychic needs.

Cognitive

Cognitive components of eating disorders mainly refer to the metal framework of an individual. Eating disorders common in people due to cognitive components believe that their eating disorder provides them with partial control over their uncontrollable life. These components might include depression, feelings of worthless, low self esteem and identity concerns etc. Eating disorders provide them with a platform to express their feelings.

Behavioral

Behavioral components have high tendencies of resulting in eating disorders. An individual's behavior is often influenced by the society and upbringing. Cultural and psychological factors such as socio-cultural influences, hormonal changes and perceived expectations regarding body image tends to influence behavior of an individual.

Substance Abuse

Substance abuse disorder it referred to a disorder which involves over utilization or misuse of a harmful substance to ...