General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales

Introduction

In the early months of 1387 Philippa Chaucer lay ill; she would die that summer or early fall. Her husband of twenty years, the courtier and author Geoffrey Chaucer, may have resolved to invoke spiritual aid for Philippa by journeying some sixty miles from their home of Kent to the cathedral at Canterbury, with its shrine to Saint Thomas Becket, murdered in 1170 and canonized three years later. By the late fourteenth century, it had become one of the most popular pilgrimage sites in Europe. As the English winter yielded to spring in mid-April, perhaps Chaucer joined other pilgrims “the hooly blisful martir for to seke, / That hem hath holpen whan that they were seeke [sick]” (Bloom, pp. 267).

A genuine journey may thus underlie the most famous fictional pilgrimage in English literature, the one recounted in The Canterbury Tales. The “General Prologue” sets the scene for this jaunt. The action unfolds in mid-April, a month that inspires both lust and wanderlust. In England, both impulses lead people to venture to Becket's shrine.

The Poem

General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales functions as an introduction to the Canterbury tales. The tone of the first sentence of eighteen lines of iambic pentameter rhymed couplets, which provides the setting, is formal and objective. Like the pilgrimage itself, this stately mood quickly vanishes in the subjective and colloquial. In homely language, though still in rhymed couplets, the narrator explains that he is preparing to embark on a journey to Canterbury. To that end he has lodged for the night at the Tabard Inn in Southwark, just outside London's walls. In the evening, he is joined by “nyne and twenty in a compaignye, / Of sondry folk” (Hussey, pp. 34), all of whom are also going to Canterbury. If one adds up the ensuing list of travelers, one finds that in fact, there are thirty.

Chaucer identifies the pilgrims by their occupations, beginning with the respectable Knight, Knight's son the Squire, and the Squire's Yeoman, and concluding with an unsavory lot consisting of the Reeve (estate manager), Miller, Summoner, Pardoner, Manciple (college purser), and the narrator himself. In quick, bold strokes, Chaucer describes most of the twenty-seven men and three women, noting the most revealing features of each. He mentions the Prioress's golden brooch with its crowned A, Monk's gold pin that fastens his hood under his chin the Merchant's manner of riding “hye on horse,” the Wife of Bath's gapped teeth, the Summoner's baldness (Chaucer & Andrew, pp. 156).

After everyone has supped, their host, Harry Bailly, who actually owned the Tabard Inn in 1387, proposes that the travelers pass the time by telling stories. The trip to Canterbury from London would require four days, as would the return. Each pilgrim would tell two stories on the way to the shrine and two on the homeward journey. Bailly would accompany the pilgrims, and whoever, in his opinion, told the best tale would receive a free meal at the Tabard Inn at the others' ...