HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF CORRECTIONS

History and Development of Corrections

History and Development of Corrections

Part A: Timeline

1700

Early Punishments

1704

Maison de Force (Ghent, Belgium), The Hospice of San Michele (Rome)

1726

Reform (John Howard)

1770

Gaols (England) Early Jails

1787

Philadelphia Prison Society (Benjamin Rush)

1790

Inspection House (Panopticon)

1800 to Present

Parole

1813

Elizabeth Gurney Fry

1822

Eastern State Penitentiary

1825

Auburn and Sing Sing Penitentiary (Mass Prisons)

1873

The Indiana State Reformatory (First Separate Prison for Women)

1876

Reformatory (Elmira System)

1878 to Present

Probation (John Augustus)

1890

The Industrial Prison

1899

Juvenile Court

1935

Ashburn Summers Act

1945

The Treatment Era

1967

The Community Based Era (Deinstitutionalization)

1980

The Warehousing Model

1995 to Present

The Just Deserts Era

Part B: Paper - History and Development of Corrections Timeline

Introduction

The word penitentiary reflects as a place of friendless punishment and imprisonment for the offenses committed by the individuals. There is a totally dissimilar view of what we imagine today when we consider of what penitentiary is meant to be and what a prison is. Moreover, what we visualize about the penitentiary is not what was intended. Penitentiaries ideal was to be both spiritual and secular in the 18th century; however, in comparison to this, the jails of yesterday housed children, women and men were unhealthy, conversely, the penitentiary was to be the completely reverse of the jails.

Discussion

The ideal penitentiary should be healthy and clean as compared to the jails, which are usually unhygienic and unclean, as it is important and imperative that the individuals should be given gentle and kind punishment, not inhumane. Keeping in this view, gentle and kind punishment will avoid contamination of one's character and body.

Although, the criminals can be separated from each other for a reason that is the reason of practicing restorative self-discipline and creating habits which will help criminals in making their life on track. Besides it, the criminals are given physical punishment, although only when it is considered as necessary. At ideal penitentiary, prisoners get spiritual development in addition to rehabilitation, expressing guilt or shame for the criminal acts committed by them and the fine of those actions; this is exactly what penitentiary do. Penitentiary is not to be a place where criminals sat around casually and carelessly, it was to be a place of productive labor (Noble, 2006).

In addition to this, the term penitentiary comes from the word penitence; for that reason, as a religious and worldly institution, penitentiary has to fulfill the requirements for the criminals to articulate or convey remorse for whatever convict acts as they are responsible for their acts. The most important objective of penitentiary ideal is to get a spiritual starting so the criminals get down on a totally dissimilar path while expressing regret for their acts that made them to face imprisonment (Quinn, 2003).

The history shows that there have been various ideals to rehabilitate and reform convicted individuals based on the purpose that is to make an attempt as a normal person so that they become able to rejoin the society. It is vital and essential to look all the past modes and options of rehabilitation and reform, and evaluate to know how convicted individuals are treated in prisons in today's ...