How Have The Terror Attacks of September 11 Shaped Hate Crime In The UK?

by

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would take this opportunity to thank my research supervisor, family and friends for their support and guidance without which this research would not have been possible.

DECLARATION

I, [type your full first names and surname here], declare that the contents of this dissertation/thesis represent my own unaided work, and that the dissertation/thesis has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the University.

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ABSTRACT

Terrorism can be defined as an activity of violence to scare the population of a particular territory. Terrorist may have different reasons for their activities. Their motivations may include hatred, religious extremism or sect difference. American societies are the worst hit by terrorist organizations. After the 9/11 the life in America changed completely. Terrorism is not restricted to a few states. Terrorist activities create panic in society and scare people. Due to terrorism people fear enjoying their lives. The major reasons for terrorism in America are racial discrimination. After the harrowing events of September 11, 2001, the world is a very different place in many contexts. Unfortunately, they want to make the general population feel unsafe and thereby bring attention to their cause, fighting these enemies requires efforts on many fronts. However, terrorism is not a new phenomenon. In this study we try to explore the concept of “Hate Crime” in a holistic context. The main focus of the research is on “Hate Crime in U.K post 9/11 terror attacks” and the factors that influence the “Hate Crime”. The research also analyzes many aspects of “Terror attacks” and tries to gauge its effects in U.K.

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTii

DECLARATIONiii

ABSTRACTiv

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION6

Outline of the Study6

Background of the research6

Problem Statement8

Aims and Objectives10

Research Question10

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW11

Discrimination or Hatred12

Thoughts on 9-1112

Laws and Acts13

Tackling Hate Crime16

The Police Performance Framework24

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY29

Secondary Research Method29

Research Design29

Literature Search30

CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS31

Change and Crisis34

U.K. Law Enforcement Legislation35

Police framework35

Barriers to Hate Crime38

Islamophobia42

Islamophobia: MORE THAN A PREJUDICE43

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION44

References46

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Outline of the Study

This research focuses on the various aspects of Hate Crime in United Kingdom and comprises of the following chapters:

Introduction

Literature Review

Methodology

Discussion and Analysis

Conclusion

Background of the research

On September 11, 2001 the Al Qaeda terrorist organization hijacked U.S. airlines flights United 175, American 11, and American 77 and flew them into the World Trade Center Towers in New York City and the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. United Airlines Flight 93, hijacked by four AI Qaeda terrorists was thwarted by passengers aboard, and crashed in the fields Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Close to three thousand Americans were killed in total, making it the worst terror attack in U.S. history. In the months after 9-11, U.S. policymakers came together to craft several changes to its domestic security structure and processes. Before the fall of2001, security reforms had been discussed, but most of the recommendations were not acted upon until 9-11 put domestic security atop the political agenda.

It has been recognized that the attacks on ...