[Impact of the Use of Rapid Diagnostics Methods on Food Poisoning By Salmonella Spp]

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My gratitude towards my family, supervisor and friends as without their support and guidance, this project would not have been completed.

DECLARATION

I, [type your full first names and surname here], declare that this dissertation depicts my own work which has not been published previously. Moreover, the university does not have the responsibility for the contents of this document.

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ABSTRACT

Salmonella is one of major food borne illness that is caused by intake of salmonella bacteria contaminated food. The changing food consumption pattern like raw foodism, global food market, frequent eating out and the use of packaged goods is mostly the cause of food poisoning that has increased the incidence of salmonella spp. Keeping in view the high occurrence of this disease, this paper aims at understanding the most effective detection methods of salmonella spp. Traditionally, the focus of the detection remained on the conventional microbiological methods like screening, PCR and Biosensor, but with the advent of nano technology and its widespread use in the food industry, the technique of detection have been improved.T he newly introduced methods of nanotechnology like Chromogenic media method, serotyping, Nano Bioluminescence, detection Spray and optical Nanobiosensors are effective in detecting even the small fragments of microbes and contamination. The new methods are better than the traditional ones as they are more accurate, however expensive at the same time.

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT1

DECLARATION2

ABSTRACT3

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION8

Food Poisoning9

Salmonella SPP10

Salmonella Food Poisoning12

Modelling the Surface Cross-Contamination of Salmonella spp. on Ready-to-Eat Meat via Slicing Operation13

Old and Modern Detection Methods for Salmonella16

Recent Changes in Food and Increase in Food Poisoning and Microbes Contaminants17

The Role of Nanotechnology in the Detection Methods for Microbes18

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW22

Statistical Data of Food Poisoning and Salmonella UK and Wales22

Statistical Data of Food Poisoning and Salmonella Middle East25

CHAPTER 3: DIAGNOSTICS METHODS USED FOR SALMONELLA ANALYSIS28

General Concepts28

Traditional Methods29

Culturing29

Conventional Microbiology Methods30

Biosensor31

The SEM Analysis35

PCR Method37

Modern Methods40

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)40

Cultivation of bile41

Agglutination Reaction41

Diagnostic Immunoassay41

Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization42

Immunomagnetic separation43

Antimicrobial Agents46

Future prospects for Salmonella Detection48

CHAPTER 4: TRENDS IN FOOD CONSUMPTION AND FOOD POISONING50

Practices and Changes in Food Consumption50

Changing Social Patterns51

Increase in the globalization of new food market51

Experience with Food Preparation53

Unsafe Eating Habits53

Raw Foodism54

Safety levels of food safety practices and risk perceptions55

Changing Eating Habits56

Changes in Food Production and Extensive Food Distribution System57

Trends for reported food safety practices and risk perception57

The Regulators58

CHAPTER 5: NEW METHODS AND ADVANCES IN NANOTECHNOLOGY61

Understanding Nanotechnology61

Role of Nanotechnology in Advancing the Current Methods62

Food Processing63

Food Packaging64

The Role of Nanotechnology in the Development of Modern Detection Methods for Microbes64

NanoBioluminescence Detection Spray64

Optical Nanobiosensors64

Nanowire Biosensors66

Electronic Nanobiosensors66

Effectiveness of Nanobiosensors66

As a Tool for Effective Detection of DNA and Protein67

As a Tool for Analysis in Food Products69

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanobiosensors over Conventional Biosensors70

Market Assessment, Risks, Regulation and Acceptance70

Future Perspectives73

CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION74

Increase in the Occurrence of Salmonella Due to Changing Food Consumption76

Shift from Traditional Detection Method to Nanotechnology78

REFERENCES82

Sources of Figures and Tables94

List of Figures

Fig 1: Salmonella Virus

Fig 2: reported cases of Salmonella food poisoning in England and ...