Incidence of Urinary Tract Infection in Vesico-Ureteral Reflux



Abstract

The principle of infection control is that it is becoming increasingly important in hospitals and medical institutions. This is primarily because of the hardships and suffering that it causes a patient who acquired infection while in hospital, but also because it brings value to our already funded from hospital stays and increased health care workers of the disease. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether knowing demographic characteristics (gender, race/ethnicity and age), medical history (circumcision), injection and VUR grade cannot predict the odds of developing frequent UTIs.

Table of Contents

Abstractii

Introduction1

Background of the Study1

Urinary Tract Infections.1

Vesico-Ureteral Reflux.2

Treatment of Vesico-Ureteral Reflux3

Research Question4

Research Significance4

Hypothesis5

Research Hypothesis5

Null Hypothesis.5

Alternative Hypothesis.5

Variables5

Dependent Variable(s).5

Independent Variable(s).5

Method and Analysis Plan7

Plan for Reporting of Results8

Conclusion9

References10

Introduction

Background of the Study

Urinary Tract Infections.

The concern of renal specialists for urinary tract infections (UTIs) had declined with the passage of time. This trend is now being reversed, owing to new imaging techniques and to substantial progress in the understanding of host-parasite relationships, of mechanisms of bacterial uropathogenicity, and of the inflammatory reaction that contributes to renal lesions and scarring (Tarcan, Tiney, Temiz and Simsek 2011, p. 1011). UTIs account for more than 7 million visits to physicians' offices and well over 1 million hospital admissions in the United States annually. French epidemiologic studies evaluated its annual incidence at 53,000 diagnoses per million persons per year, which represents 1.05% to 2.10% of the activity of general practitioners. In the United States, the annual number of diagnoses of pyelo-nephritis in females was estimated to be 250,000 (Tarcan, Tiney, Temiz and Simsek 2011, p. 1011).

The incidence of UTI is higher among females, in whom it commonly occurs in an anatomically normal urinary tract (Tarcan, Tiney, Temiz and Simsek 2011, p. 1011). Conversely, in males and children, UTI generally reveals a urinary tract lesion that must be identified by imaging and must be treated to suppress the cause of infection and prevent recurrence (Tarcan, Tiney, Temiz and Simsek 2011, p. 1011). UTI can be restricted to the bladder (essentially in females) with only superficial mucosal involvement, or it can involve a solid organ (the kidneys in both genders, the prostate in males). Clinical signs and symptoms, hazards, imaging, and treatment of various types of UTIs differ (Tarcan, Tiney, Temiz and Simsek 2011, p. 1011). In addition, the patient's background helps to further categorize UTIs according to age, type of urinary tract lesion(s), and occurrence in immune-compromised patients, especially with diabetes or pregnancy (Tarcan, Tiney, Temiz and Simsek 2011, p. 1011). Such various forms of UTI explain the wide spectrum of treatment modalities, which range from ambulatory, single-dose antibiotic treatment of simple cystitis in young females, to rescue nephrectomy for pyonephrosis in a diabetic with septic shock (Tarcan, Tiney, Temiz and Simsek 2011, p. 1011).

Vesico-Ureteral Reflux.

Vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) is a well known heterogeneous disease. It can be described as a disease process coupled with an anatomical abnormality at the uretero-vesical junction (Tarcan, Tiney, Temiz and Simsek 2011, ...