Literature Review on Identifying Academic Success Models for African American male high school Students with low Socioeconomic Status

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LITERATURE REVIEW1

Introduction1

Student Achievement5

Aim and Objectives of the Literature Review10

Theoretical Framework11

How to achieve the Aims?15

Ethnic Layering in Student Success16

Race and Education17

Socioeconomic Status, Social Class and Education23

Social Class, Socioeconomic Status and Higher Education: Correlates of Educational Choice, Performance, and Attainment24

Perspectives on Social Stratification33

Measuring Social Class and Socioeconomic Status in Psychological Research35

Subjective Measures of SES and Social Class38

Placing Oneself in a Social Class39

Accuracy of Subjective Class Placement41

Lay Conceptions of Class Criteria and Class Structure43

The Economic Implications of Educational Disparities47

Tension and Stratification Between and within Minority Groups48

African American Intraracial Tension49

Disidentification50

Black Intraracial Tension51

Identity as a Social Construct53

Assimilation Theories54

Cultural Duality and Biculturalism56

Identity, Culture and School Achievement58

The Model Minority Myth and Stereotype Threat63

Stereotype Threat67

Academic Self-Efficacy68

Effective Teaching Strategies for African American Students69

Explicit Direct Instruction69

Learning by doing78

Direct Instruction Strategies79

Implications for Direct Instruction on Student Achievement82

Self-Directed Learning84

Self-Directed Learning and Malcolm Knowles87

Learner Characteristics and Demographics88

Models of Self-Directed Learning90

Linear Model90

Interactive Models91

Instructional Models96

The Readiness Scale of Self-Directed Learning101

SDL, Self-Rating Scale Development103

Evolution104

Constructivism vs. Structuralism104

Culturally Responsive Teaching105

Fixed Communicative Approach108

Status of the Communicative Approach to Grammar110

Communicative Approach and Behavior113

Conclusion113

Chapter Summary117

REFERENCES118

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

As the composition of the United States has changed, the experience of racial minorities within the U.S. has become increasingly complex. Many Americans now hold dual minority status as immigrants and racial or ethnic minorities. These rapid demographic shifts have also created a gap in the social science literature.

Although recent research has begun to examine immigrants' perceptions of the U.S. racial order (Gay, 2000), little is known about how these perceptions vary across different contexts. As we become a racially mixed nation rather than a predominantly white nation, research into the way individuals experience race and ethnicity, as well as the way race and ethnicity shapes individual life-chances, has become increasingly important. To understand the significance of this study for educating the males who were black, it is very significant to recognize the perplexities and fight backs of the African American who tolerate the entire year to attain education.

Historically, school institutions have done a lot to disfavor the Americans and Africans especially the students who were males. In the passage of time there has been shortage of education for African Americans. The African and American individuals were trained various values and ideals from some other culture, and they were taught only what the white populace considered was significant them to know.

In 1800, the journey for the African and Americans for education and literacy began (Garibaldi, 1992). The message that has permeated the African American population for generation has been that of education and learning. For numerous things the education has been symbolic that includes the opportunities, freedom, and advancement at the same time disappointment, downfall and struggle.

Quite simply, learning was not an option for African Americans and the message was clear. Learning is vital to many things such as leadership, mobility, and freedom. Individuals are not supposed to take it for granted. As soon as the slavery ends the African American education becomes a ...