Nineteenth century (1789-1918)

Introduction

The fundamental characteristics of the nineteenth century are the noticeable changes. Changes announced and gestated in the past but which would be affected. Revolutions of all natures have their place. According to Fisch (1991, p.12), the term "scientist" was coined in 1833 by William Whewell. It is a fundamental part of the language of the time. The economy suffered two strong industrial revolutions, the first occurred between 1750 and 1840, and the second between 1880 and 1914. This paper discuses various theories described by various scientists such as John Stuart Mill, Adam Smith and others. The paper also highlights the international relations theory. The paper also describes why 19th century is considered to be important and highlights the significance of the year 1789 A.D (Ten 1994, 11).

Kant

According to Kant (1999, p.19), enlightenment means to get rid of the self imposed immaturity. Kant says that a pastor does not have the freedom to say whatever he wants to because he has to preach others and teach the people more about the religion, whereas a scholar has complete freedom to say whatever he wants to. He even did not have the liberty to make mistakes while a pastor does not even enjoy this liberty nor is he ever given the benefit of the doubt. He says that the pastors should be immature. They should be able to take decisions on their own regardless of their faithful preaching.

According to the definition of Kant's enlightenment, we do not live in an age of enlightenment because we are immature and are not able to take decisions on our own. Kant says that pastors should not be immature because their immaturity is the disgraceful of all. The pastor's knowledge is influenced by the government, who is not at all interested in creating religious awareness in the country. The government is also not interested in understanding the freedom of people and does not encourage people to act freely. This is one reason why people are the victims of self imposed immaturity (Guyer 2006, 15).

Kant says that he has focused on religious matters in explaining enlightenment because these matters are the most important in a country and are most affected by the government. Secondly, immaturity in spiritual matters is very disgraceful and is not acceptable at any cost. Pastors do not have said in decisions and are influenced by others in many decisions. He is a serious victim of the self-imposed immaturity. Kant suggests that governments should make sure that its citizens are mature enough and are not influenced by anyone in their decisions (Kant 1999, 19).

Adam Smith

Economic growth was first theorized in detail by the Classical School of political economy. The Classical School identified the accumulation and productive investment of capital as the dominant source of economic growth. For Adam Smith, a key factor would also be the development of a division of labour that would enhance the productive efficiency of the industrializing economy and its rapidly expanding markets (Ross1995, 24).

The mainstream orthodoxy in subsequent economic ...