Preservation and Restoration



Preservation and Restoration

Introduction

The rapidly increasing impacts of the human activities on the global, regional and local environments have generated various apprehensions and arguments particularly in the second half of the last century. The preservation and restitution of the natural resources and the restoration of the affected ecosystems have become an immense issue of the local and international importance.

The policy makers and scientists are currently struggling for these issues around the world. In the United States, these issues are become critical due to the large scale and fast paced utilization of the natural resources. As a result of this exploitation, the environmental and ecological degradation and disturbance is left behind (Johnson, et al. 2005).

For such issues, the terms preservation and restoration are used by the scientists to reestablish the functional or structural characteristics of the disturbed ecosystems to their natural or close to natural state.

Discussion

Ecosystem

A community of living organisms, such as microbes, plants and animals, in combination with the non living components of the environment, such as water, air and mineral soil, interrelating as a system is known as Ecosystem. These organisms and components are connected together through the energy flows and the nutrient cycles.

Subtropical Ecosystem

Subtropical ecosystem is an interrelating system of an organic community and its inorganic environmental surroundings in the regions that are bordered on the tropics or the regions that are between the temperature zones and the tropical. The subtropical ecosystems around the whole planet and especially in the United States are reported to be in immense decline.

According to the recent researches the subtropical ecosystems in the United States that are close and in water less than 18 meters of 10 fathoms deep, are damagingly exaggerated by the natural and human based factors. These factors include the diseases, climatic changes, over fishing, bleaching, sedimentation, ship groundings, toxic chemical pollution, and the urban and tourism related coastal development (Rohmann, et al. 2005).

The complete and continuous resulting classifications of the potential coverage and location of the tropical and sub tropical ecosystems presented significant information. By this information the policy makers and scientists have set many conservation priorities like, the establishment and supervision of the marine conservation areas, characterization of the utilization of surroundings by marine and human organisms and development of the watershed based coastal management plans.

Along with that the conservations priorities also include the development of the fisheries management strategies, development of the carbon budgets and calcification rates, and to review modifications in the ecosystems ultimately. The tropical and sub tropical is composed of both structural and habitat zones. These habitat zones contain benthic habitats which include mangrove, unconsolidated sediments, associated colonized hard bottom habitats, hermatypic coral reefs and uncolonized hard bottom habitats. The structural zones contain the fore reef, lagoon, reef flat and the reef crest.

The subtropical ecosystems are found throughout the subtropical and tropical oceans between 30°S and 30°N latitudes. The distribution of the organisms that are found in the ecosystems like, sea grasses, sponges, corals, algae and associated animals, are inclined by the salinity, ...