PSYCHOLOGY

Counselling

Counselling

Introduction

Many personality philosophers have acknowledged some of Freud Sigmund's basic theories and suppositions at the same time as refusing others. One move towards psychoanalytic hypothesis has been the object relationships theories of Melanie Klein and others. Different from Jung and Adler, who refused Freud Sigmund's assumptions, Klein attempted to authorize Freud's assumptions. In its fundamental nature, Klein extended Freud's growth stages descending to the first 4 to 6 months after birth.

In many ways, year 1900 was considered to be a momentous phase in time. Just as we lately encountered "millennium madness", so, also, the turn of the century was observed as a societal and cultural familiar sight. From the viewpoint of psychology, the field was still in its early years: Wilhelm Wundt had created the first investigational lab only 25 years earlier, and William James's Psychology, the first noteworthy general textbook, had seen only ten years before, in 1890. On the other hand, one could assert that even more momentous, in conditions of critical impact on both psychology and the general public, was the periodical in 1900 of Sigmund Freud's: The Interpretation of Dreams. This paper will discuss the main theories and conceptions of psychodynamic counselling and how these can be incorporated into an integrative model.

Discussion

Main Theories

All through in the year 1950 and 1960 working separately but contemporaneously John Bowlby and Donald Winnicott formed different theories with reference to the psychosomatic and bodily development and interests of children. Bowlby's assumption of affection and Winnicott's conceptions of the good enough mother and the supportive setting remain significant in the research of young person growth.

John Bowbly's theory

John Bowlby's effort together with many other theorists who have carried on to create an assumption of attachment theory has been rewarding in increasing our alertness of the implication of the attachment link involving a child and its prime parenting figure, who is generally the child's mother. The newborn baby looks out for a caregiver and the caregiver's reaction to the child's search influences the growth of the newborn. For case in point, the firmly linked newborn experiences that his care giving figure is easy to get to and quick to respond to him when considered necessary, at the same time as the nervously and emotionally involved baby cannot suppose that his care giver will be approachable and so he takes on approaches to get around the apparent impassiveness. Such an approach may effect in a newborn rejecting the emotional attachment with a care giver, or it may be marked by the baby's requirement to reinforce their symptoms of pain in order to make sure he will be paid attention (Ainsworth and Bowlby, 1965).

Donald Winnicott's theory

Donald Winnicott's thought of supporting settings formed for a baby by a "good enough mother" who is maintained by the elders in the region of her, rests simply together with Bowlby's theory of affection. Bowlby inscribed,

"Close links and connections to other humans are the centre in the region of which a person's life turns around, not only ...