Relationship between Training and Employees' Competency: An Examination of the Training Strategies Utilised By Public Sector Organizations in Pakistan

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW1

Employee Competency in Pakistan1

Employee Performance5

Attitude of Employees towards performances8

Employee Training, Job Satisfaction Performance and Turnover12

Impact of rewards/pay on job satisfaction and performance17

Impact of promotion on job satisfaction and employee performance18

Impact of job safety and security on job satisfaction and performance18

Impact of working conditions on job satisfaction and performance19

REFERENCES21

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Chapter 2 of this research study presents the literature review which involves previous researches related to the topic chosen for this research. These past literature were chosen with relevance to the current topic and helped in understanding the basic concepts in the field. The literature review section identifies, obtains and checks the various sources including journals, books, articles and other materials, which may prove to be helpful for the aims and objectives of the current research. This review of available literature also helps in extracting and compiling the appropriate information for this current study. Chapter Two critically reviews the literature linked to this research. The literature is examined using the research questions and any related themes arising from the research questions are also examined.

Employee Competency in Pakistan

Pakistan is a highly populated country of 155.8 million, and ranks 139th out of 179 countries of the world on the index of Human Resource Development by the United Nations (Gilbert, 2007, p. 18). According to government sources, “The share of managerial workers, associate professionals and craftsmen has increased, implying an increased trend for work opportunities…The decline in the share of professional workers is a matter of concern” (Gilbert, 2007, p. 18). The declining trend of professionals is a curious phenomenon.

Globalization has changed workplace requirements due to the revolution in technology, a dramatic shift in demographics, and vastly growing competitive markets around the world. In order to be competitive internationally, developing economies such as Pakistan's have introduced structural adjustment programs, which fund neglected sectors of the economy, like agriculture, so that the poor have a chance for upward mobility. To reduce the overall income gap between Pakistan's rich and poor as well as between Pakistan's developing economy and the highly developed economies of Western Europe and the United States, workers and organizations must embrace new concepts of employee training for enhancing job satisfaction and worker performance.

Pakistan has an agricultural-based economy, but it is also dependent on other industrial sectors such as manufacturing, transport, and services. The share of occupational groups composed of legislators, senior officers, and managers among employed persons has increased from 8.6% in 1997 to 9.8% in 2001. The need for this study stems from the lack of adequate information about the competencies of workplace professionals in Pakistan. The information about the workforce and the competencies possessed helps managers make appropriate decisions and guide employees' performance. The awareness about competencies among employees provides a roadmap of how to succeed in their jobs (Gilbert, 2007, p. 18). Research showed that an individual who possesses knowledge of a particular subject is ...